Geography Paper 1 > Coasts > Flashcards

Coasts Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

What is weathering

A

Process of the coast being shaped by erosional procesees

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2
Q

What is ingenious rock

A

Hard rock made by cooling magma and is hard

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3
Q

What is metamorphic rock

A

Made from the alteration of pre existing rock as a result of changing environmental conditions

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4
Q

What are sedimentary rocks

A

Soft rocks formed from pre existing rock and living organisms and form from deposits

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5
Q

What affects weave strength

A

-wind strength
-duration of wind
-distance waves have travelled (fetch)

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6
Q

What affects direction of waves

A

Prevailing wind

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7
Q

Why do waves break

A

-start with a circular orbit
-friction slows the base if the wave
-orbit becomes elliptical
-too if wave breaks and ver

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8
Q

What is swash

A

Water that pushes up the beach and deposits sediment

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9
Q

What is backwash

A

Water from previous wave that returns back to the sea

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10
Q

What does a constructive wave have

A

-Long wave length
-low wave height
-strong swash
-weak backwash

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11
Q

What does a destructive wave have

A

-Weak swash
-Strong backwash
-short wavelength
-offshore bar where sand is deposited
-steep tall waves

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12
Q

What affects coastal erosion

A

-Weather
-rock type
-structure if the rock
-rock formation
-fetch
- beach

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13
Q

What is a mass movement

A

When a cliff collapses and the downhill movement of weathered material under the force of gravity falls

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14
Q

What are types of mass movement

A

Rockfall
Landslide
Mud slide
Slumping

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15
Q

What is a rockfall

A

Fragments of rock break away from surface of cliff due to weathering
-very steep
-freeze thaw weathering
-scree

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16
Q

What is a landslide

A

Occurs down the gradient of bedding planes going down but not vertical meaning rocks slide
-blocks of rock slide downhill

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17
Q

What is a mud slide

A

Gravity pulls down big chunks of sections of cliff happening when the ground is saturated
-soil
-down a slope
-saturated soil means less friction

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18
Q

What is slumping

A

Saturated soil slumps along a curved surface
-curved slipped plane
-occurs in clay where water retention is high and slides down
-folds in on itself

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19
Q

What is salt weathering

A

Mechanical weathering
-spray from sea goes into cracks in rocks and fill with salty water
-water evaporates creating salt crystals that cause them to crumble and break

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20
Q

What is freeze thaw weathering

A

Mechanical
-water goes into cracks
-freezes and expands
-rock crumbles

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21
Q

What is biological weathering

A

-Plants grow roots into ground and break ricks apart
-animals burrow underground and move or break rocks
-living organisms

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22
Q

What is chemical weathering

A

-rain absorbs CO2 making it slightly acidic
-when rain comes into contact with rock the rock disintegrates due to a chemical reaction

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23
Q

What happens in coastal areas where cliffs are made of permeable rock ontop of impermeable rock

A

-upper permeable layer is saturated and becomes heavy
-rainwater cannot penetrate through the clay so flows along their join to create a slip plane
-rainwater lubricates join between permeable and impermeable rock creating a slip plane

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24
Q

What is a concordant coastline

Study These Flashcards
A

-layers of rock lay parallel to coastline
-vertical cliff line

25
26
What happens at discordant coastline
-layers of rock lay perpendicular to coastline and are often resistant and less resistant rocks -headlands and bays
27
What does a concordant coastline cause
Coastline Erodes at same rate
28
What did discordant costing cause
Coastline erodes at different rates
29
How are bays and headlands formed
-Different rock erodes at different rates -soft rock erodes faster and more easily to create bay -hard rock erodes slower to make headlands -bays are more sheltered so waves are constructive and deposition take place
30
Characteristics of a wave cut platform
-slows down at 3-4’ angle -smooth -covered at high tide
31
How is a wave cut platform made
-high tide breaks cliff at its base through abrasion and HA -wave cut notch is formed -notch deepens -weathering happens at top of cliff -gravity causes cliff to collapse -this repeats and cliff line retreats leaving a sloping platform
32
What happens to waves at headlands
They are refracted so the energy is focused on headland rather than bay
33
Why are waves destructive at headlands
-seabed rises rapidly as waves approach the headland -friction with the sea bed slows waves casing steeper frequent plunging waves
34
What are constructive waves at bay
Seabed rises gradually so waves lose velocity -waves are less steep with a longer wavelength so are constructive and build beaches
35
How are coastal landforms at headlands made
-waves erode a bedding plane into a crack -crack turns into a cave through HA and abrasion -crack turns unit arch -top of arch is weakened due to weathering -arch collapses due to gravity -leaves behind a tall stack of rock -stackers eroded and weather so it collapses to make a stump
36
What is long shore drift
When waves approach the shore at an angle so material is pushed up the beach in the wash In the same direction that waves are approaching and backwash drags sediment perpendicular to beach
37
What does long shore drift form
Spits and bars and hooks
38
What are requirements for sand dunes to form
-sandy beach -strong wind -long tidal range -obstacle -wide sloping beaches -constructive waves
39
How are sand downs created
-obstacles get dropped on beach -wind blows sand up the beach which gets trapped by the obstacle -colonising pioneer plants like Marram grass grow on the dune and stabilise it with their roots -embryo dune is made -plants die and add organic matter to the soil so other plants can grow
40
Give the order of dunes as distance from cost increases
-embryo dunes -fore dune -yellow dune -grey dune -mature dune
41
What is a spit
Depositions land form -narrow elongated ridge of sand or pebbles which extends from the mainland to the sea
42
How do spits form
-prevailing wind at an angel to coastline -longhorn drift -change in direction of coastline -sediment deposited
43
Describe how spits form
-Material move along beach in zig zag movements -coastline changes direction -material is deposited in shallow calm water making a spit -salt marsh made behind spit -hook made when there is a sudden change of wind direction
44
How is a bar made
-longhairs drift transports sediment across change in coastline and forms a spit -long shore drift continues making spit and leaves a marsh behind it -spit grows until it closes off the water and forms a bar and a lagoon
45
Advantages of sea wall
-sends wave back to sea -dissipates wave energy -protects coastline
46
Disadvantages of sea wall
-expensive -destroys natural landforms -have a life span and need to be replaced when life span is over
47
Advantages of groynes
-stops longshore drift -builds beaches that dissipate wave energy
48
Disadvantage of groynes
-unattractive -costly to build and maintain
49
Advantages of rock armour
-relatively cheap(£1000-£3000 per meter) -high resistance -dissipates wave energy
50
Disadvantages of rock armour
-ugly -litter gets trapped -rocks don’t blend in
51
Advantages of gabiohs
-absorb wave energy -trap sediment to build up beak
52
Disadvantage of gabiohs
-rocks are expensive -5-10 year life spa-unattractive -rocks from scaninavia are used
53
Advantages if beach nourishment
-natural,blends in -wider beaches -protects property as beach dissapates energy
54
Disadvantage of beach nourishment
-expensive to hire a dredger(£300,000)
55
Advantages of dune stabilising
-protects land behind them -cheap as it is done by volunteers -makes habitats for animals
56
Disadvantage of dune stabilising
May deter tourists
57
Advantages of beach reprofiling
-Protects residents -ensures the beach is large enough to be a barrier
58
Disadvantages of beach reprofileing
-looks natural -can be expensive
Geography Paper 1
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