World History

Question 1

Who is:

Alexander the Great

Answer 1

• Ruler of Greece in the 4th century B.C.
• Conquered most of the ancient world, extending his empire to India
• Founded the city of Alexandria in Egypt

Question 2

Who is:

Attila the Hun

Answer 2

• King of the Huns in the 5th century
• His armies, known for their cruelty, overran much of eastern and central Europe

Question 3

Who is:

Augustus Caesar

Answer 3

• First emperor of Rome and the adopted son of Julius Caesar
• During his reign, Rome enjoyed a time of peace and a golden age for literature and the arts, resulting in the term “Augustan age”
• The month of August is named after him
• Jesus was born during his reign

Question 4

Who is:

Julius Caesar

Answer 4

• Roman dictator and general in the first century B.C. who secured Roman rule over Gaul, present-day France, and later reported of a campaign in Asia, “I came, I saw, I conquered”
• Fearing his power, the Roman senate demanded that he disband his army, but he refused and returned to Rome with his army, declaring himself dictator
• Assassinated by his friend Brutus, an episode immortalized in Shakespeare’s play Julius Caesar
• Caesar endured as the family name of the next 11 rulers of Rome, while the word “caesar” later became adapted by emperors of Russia and Germany to “czar” and “kaiser”

Question 5

Who is:

Francis Bacon (philosopher)

Answer 5

• English scientist, politician, and author of the 16th and 17th centuries
• A leader of the Renaissance in England and advocate of the scientific method
• Has been mentioned as a possible author of some of the plays attributed to Shakespeare

Question 6

Who is:

Vasco Núñez de Balboa

Answer 6

Spanish explorer of the 16th century who discovered the Pacific Ocean

The Pacific ocean was later named by Ferdinand Magellan

Question 7

Who is:

Hannibal

Answer 7

• General of the third and second centuries B.C. from the ancient northern African city of Carthage, which waged war against Rome in the Punic Wars
• He tried to capture Rome by moving an enormous army from Spain through the Alps, but after several victories he was eventually defeated

Question 8

Who is:

Caligula

Answer 8

• Tyrannical and ruthless ruler of Rome in the first century A.D.
• One of the 12 Caesars
• Once appointed his horse to the senate to mock the Roman senate

Question 9

Who is:

Charlemagne

Answer 9

Also known as “Charles the Great”, the king of France in the 8th and 9th centuries and crowned the first emperor of the Holy Roman Empire in 800

Question 10

Who is:

Cleopatra

Answer 10

• Queen of Egypt in the first century B.C.
• Known for her beauty and luxurious lifestyle
• After living for some time in Rome with Julius Caesar, she returned to Egypt where she lived with Roman politician Mark Antony
• Antony’s affair with her, as well as their suicides, was dramatized in a Shakespearean play

Question 11

Who is:

Christopher Columbus

Answer 11

• Italian explorer who sailed across the Atlantic Ocean and discovered the New World in 1492
• Casting off initially from Spain under the patronage of the king and queen of Spain, he had hoped to find a westward route to India

Question 12

Who is:

Constantine the Great

Answer 12

• Roman emperor of the 4th century who founded Constantinople (present-day Istanbul), capital of the eastern part of the Roman Empire and later capital of the Byzantine Empire
• Allowed Christians to practice their religion within the Roman Empire

Question 13

Who is:

Hernando Cortés

Answer 13

Spanish conquistador of the 16th century who conquered Mexico for Spain after overthrowing the Aztecs

Question 14

Who is:

Sir Thomas More

Answer 14

• 16th-century English statesman and adviser to Henry VIII, who had him executed when he did not support Henry’s becoming head of the Roman Catholic Church in England
• Famous for his book Utopia, which depicts an ideal, imaginary society void of misery
• Friend of Desiderius Erasmus

Question 15

Who is:

Desiderius Erasmus

Answer 15

• 15th and 16th-century Dutch theologian and humanist, also known as Erasmus of Rotterdam
• Proponent of religious toleration who sought to reform the Catholic Church while maintaining his recognition of the pope
• Friend of Sir Thomas More

Question 16

Who is:

Leif Ericson

Answer 16

Norse explorer who is often regarded as the first European, rather than Columbus, to discover North America, around the year 1000

Question 17

Who is:

Genghis Khan

Answer 17

Mongolian emperor of the 12th and 13th centuries who conquered great areas of western Asia and northern China

Question 18

Who is:

Henry VIII

Answer 18

• King of England from 1509 to 1547 who established himself the head of the Church in England when the pope refused to allow him to dissolve his marriage to Catherine of Aragon
• England has remained a Protestant nation ever since
• He had six wives in all

Question 19

Who is:

Joan of Arc

Answer 19

• 15th-century French military heroine and Roman Catholic saint who led the French army to victories during the Hundred Years’ War, eventually leading to the coronation of Charles VII
• Her claims to have heard God speak to her led to a trial for heresy, after which she was burned at the stake at the age of 19

Question 20

Who is:

Francisco Pizarro

Answer 20

Spanish conquistador of the 16th century who established Peru after overthrowing the Incas

Question 21

Name the world historical figure(s):

• Ruler of Greece in the 4th century B.C.
• Conquered most of the ancient world, extending his empire to India
• Founded the city of Alexandria in Egypt

Answer 21

Alexander the Great

Question 22

Name the world historical figure(s):

• King of the Huns in the 5th century
• His armies, known for their cruelty, overran much of eastern and central Europe

Answer 22

Attila the Hun

Question 23

Name the world historical figure(s):

• First emperor of Rome and the adopted son of Julius Caesar
• During his reign, Rome enjoyed a time of peace and a golden age for literature and the arts, resulting in the term “Augustan age”
• The month of August is named after him
• Jesus was born during his reign

Answer 23

Augustus Caesar

Question 24

Name the world historical figure(s):

• Roman dictator and general in the first century B.C. who secured Roman rule over Gaul, present-day France, and later reported of a campaign in Asia, “I came, I saw, I conquered”
• Fearing his power, the Roman senate demanded that he disband his army, but he refused and returned to Rome with his army, declaring himself dictator
• Assassinated by his friend Brutus, an episode immortalized in Shakespeare’s play Julius Caesar
• Caesar endured as the family name of the next 11 rulers of Rome, while the word “caesar” later became adapted by emperors of Russia and Germany to “czar” and “kaiser”

Answer 24

Julius Caesar

Question 25

# Name the world historical figure(s): * English scientist, politician, and author of the 16th and 17th centuries * A leader of the Renaissance in England and advocate of the scientific method * Has been mentioned as a possible author of some of the plays attributed to Shakespeare

Answer 25

Francis Bacon (philosopher)

Question 26

# Name the world historical figure(s): Spanish explorer of the 16th century who discovered the Pacific Ocean

Answer 26

Vasco Núñez de Balboa

Question 27

# Name the world historical figure(s): * General of the third and second centuries B.C. from the ancient northern African city of Carthage, which waged war against Rome in the Punic Wars * He tried to capture Rome by moving an enormous army from Spain through the Alps, but after several victories he was eventually defeated

Answer 27

Hannibal

Question 28

# Name the world historical figure(s): * Tyrannical and ruthless ruler of Rome in the first century A.D. * One of the 12 Caesars * Once appointed his horse to the senate to mock the Roman senate

Answer 28

Caligula

Question 29

# Name the world historical figure(s): Also known as "Charles the Great", the king of France in the 8th and 9th centuries and crowned the first emperor of the Holy Roman Empire in 800

Answer 29

Charlemagne

Question 30

# Name the world historical figure(s): * Queen of Egypt in the first century B.C. * Known for her beauty and luxurious lifestyle * After living for some time in Rome with Julius Caesar, she returned to Egypt where she lived with Roman politician Mark Antony * Antony's affair with her, as well as their suicides, was dramatized in a Shakespearean play

Answer 30

Cleopatra

Question 31

# Name the world historical figure(s): * Italian explorer who sailed across the Atlantic Ocean and discovered the New World in 1492 * Casting off initially from Spain under the patronage of the king and queen of Spain, he had hoped to find a westward route to India

Answer 31

Christopher Columbus

Question 32

# Name the world historical figure(s): * Roman emperor of the 4th century who founded Constantinople (present-day Istanbul), capital of the eastern part of the Roman Empire and later capital of the Byzantine Empire * Allowed Christians to practice their religion within the Roman Empire

Answer 32

Constantine the Great

Question 33

# Name the world historical figure(s): Spanish conquistador of the 16th century who conquered Mexico for Spain after overthrowing the Aztecs

Answer 33

Hernando Cortés

Question 34

# Name the world historical figure(s): * 16th-century English statesman and adviser to Henry VIII, who had him executed when he did not support Henry's becoming head of the Roman Catholic Church in England * Famous for his book *Utopia*, which depicts an ideal, imaginary society void of misery * Friend of Desiderius Erasmus

Answer 34

Sir Thomas More

Question 35

# Name the world historical figure(s): * 15th and 16th-century Dutch theologian and humanist, also known as Erasmus of Rotterdam * Proponent of religious toleration who sought to reform the Catholic Church while maintaining his recognition of the pope * Friend of Sir Thomas More

Answer 35

Desiderius Erasmus

Question 36

# Name the world historical figure(s): Norse explorer who is often regarded as the first European, rather than Columbus, to discover North America, around the year 1000

Answer 36

Leif Ericson

Question 37

# Name the world historical figure(s): Mongolian emperor of the 12th and 13th centuries who conquered great areas of western Asia and northern China

Answer 37

Genghis Khan

Question 38

# Name the world historical figure(s): * King of England from 1509 to 1547 who established himself the head of the Church in England when the pope refused to allow him to dissolve his marriage to Catherine of Aragon * England has remained a Protestant nation ever since * He had six wives in all

Answer 38

Henry VIII

Question 39

# Name the world historical figure(s): * 15th-century French military heroine and Roman Catholic saint who led the French army to victories during the Hundred Years' War, eventually leading to the coronation of Charles VII * Her claims to have heard God speak to her led to a trial for heresy, after which she was burned at the stake at the age of 19

Answer 39

Joan of Arc

Question 40

# Name the world historical figure(s): Spanish conquistador of the 16th century who established Peru after overthrowing the Incas

Answer 40

Francisco Pizarro

Question 41

# Who is: Montezuma II

Answer 41

Also known as Moctezuma II, an Aztec emperor and ruler of Tenochtitlan who was overthrown by the Spanish under Hernando Cortés

Question 42

# Who is: Nero

Answer 42

* Roman emperor from the first century A.D. known for his tyranny and persecution of Christians * Although during his short reign he oversaw a successful war and sought to enhance cultural, artistic, and athletic life in Rome, he was driven from the throne and became the first Roman emperor to commit suicide * Many believed he had started the Great Fire of Rome himself

Question 43

# Who is: William The Conqueror

Answer 43

Duke of Normandy who in 1066 launched the Norman conquest of England, eventually becoming the first Norman king of England

Question 44

# Who is: Ferdinand Magellan

Answer 44

* Portuguese explorer whose final expedition was the first expedition to sail around the Earth (though he was killed before completion of the voyage) * His expedition was also the first to sail from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean, which he named "*Mar Pacifico*" (the "Peaceful Sea") * The Strait of Magellan is named for him

Question 45

# Who is: Marco Polo

Answer 45

* Italian merchant and explorer from the 13th and 14th centuries whose travels across Asia were recorded in the travelogue *The Travels of Marco Polo* and introduced Europeans to the cultures of Central Asia * The book later inspired Christopher Columbus, and claims that Polo became a government official at the court of Kublai Khan, the Mongol ruler of China

Question 46

# Who is: Juan Ponce de León

Answer 46

* Spanish conquistador from the 15th and 16th centuries who established and became the first governor of Puerto Rico * He also named Florida, where he led an expedition in search of the legendary Fountain of Youth

Question 47

# Who is: Pericles

Answer 47

* Greek statesman and general of Athens from the 5th century B.C. * Promoted Athenian democracy and championed the arts, overseeing the creation of many great structures like the Parthenon and much of the Acropolis * His rule is sometimes known as the Age of Pericles or the Golden Age

Question 48

# Who is: Kemal Ataturk

Answer 48

Turkish statesman who helped found modern-day Turkey in the 1920s after the fall of the Ottoman Empire, establishing a secular government

Question 49

# Who is: Yasir Arafat

Answer 49

* Palestinian leader and head of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and of the Fatah political party * Opposed and fought against Israel for much of his life but later engaged in negotiations to end conflicts between Israel and the PLO * For his participation in the Oslo Accords, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1994 * After his death in 2004, he has remained a controversial figure, revered by many and reviled by many others

Question 50

# Who is: David Ben-Gurion

Answer 50

20th-century Israeli leader who was important to the formation of Israel and was named the country's first prime minister

Question 51

# Who is: Salvador Allende

Answer 51

* 20th-century Chilean politician who became the first Marxist to become president of a Latin American country when he won the Chilean presidency in 1970 * He was overthrown and committed suicide during a military coup supported by the CIA in 1973 * Following the coup, Chile became a military junta

Question 52

# Who is: Osama bin Laden

Answer 52

* Islamic terrorist and founder of al-Qaeda, the jihadist network that bombed the American embassies in Tanzania and Kenya in 1998 and attacked the World Trade Center and Pentagon in the September 11 attacks of 2001 * After a decade of being the major target of the War on Terror, he was killed by American forces in Pakistan in May 2011

Question 53

# Who is: Otto von Bismarck

Answer 53

* German statesman of the 19th century who was largely responsible for the unification of modern Germany * After the Franco-Prussian War ended in 1871, he unified numerous German states as a single German Empire under Prussian leadership, with him as the first chancellor * His leadership was marked by economic progress, conservatism, and a preserved peace in Europe in the later 19th century

Question 54

# Who is: Simón Bolívar

Answer 54

* 18th and 19th-century Venezuelan military and political leader who successfully fought the Spanish Empire for the independence of countries in South America * He helped lead Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia (named in his honor) to independence * One of the most important politicians in Latin American history, he helped lay the foundation for democracy in much of the region

Question 55

# Who is: Fidel Castro

Answer 55

* 20th-century Cuban communist political leader who led the 1959 revolution that overthrew the United States-backed dictator of Cuba * He then oversaw Cuba's transformation into a communist state, serving first as prime minister then as president * Due to his alliance with the Soviet Union, the United States implemented an economic blockade of Cuba and unsuccessfully invaded the island in 1961 * In 1962, he allowed the Soviets to place nuclear weapons on Cuba, leading to the Cuban Missile Crisis, at the end of which the missiles were removed * He remains a controversial world figure, regarded by some as an abusive dictator and by others as a champion of socialism and anti-imperialism

Question 56

# Who is: Catherine the Great

Answer 56

* Empress of Russia in the 18th century who reigned for over thirty years * Under her rule Russia grew larger and stronger than ever and became one of the great powers of Europe * She encouraged the cultural influences of Western Europe and presided over the Russian Enlightenment * She is known for her many romantic affairs, many of them with members of her court and government

Question 57

# Who is: Chiang Kai-shek

Answer 57

* Chinese nationalist military and political leader of the 20th century who was president of China until he was overthrown by Mao Zedong's communist forces in 1949 * He then fled to Taiwan and established the Republic of China, which exists to this day

Question 58

# Who is: Winston Churchill

Answer 58

* British author and statesman best known for serving twice as Prime Minister, most notably during World War II * Formed an alliance with Franklin D. Roosevelt (USA) and Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union) against Hitler's Germany and came to epitomize British resistance to conquest by the Nazis * Regarded as a great orator, he also won a Nobel Prize in Literature

Question 59

# Who is: Georges Clemenceau

Answer 59

* 19th and 20th-century French doctor, journalist, and statesman who twice served as Prime Minister of France and led the country to victory in World War I * One of the principal architects of the Treaty of Versailles, he was less forgiving than American president Woodrow Wilson and wanted to punish Germany for having started the Great War * As an editor and journalist, he is noted for having published Émile Zola's famous article "*J'accuse*" on the front page of his newspaper *L'Aurore*, one of the major events of the Dreyfus Affair

Question 60

# Who is: Captain James Cook

Answer 60

18th-century English explorer noted for establishing the first European colony in Australia and for exploring the western coast of North America, New Zealand, and Hawaii

Question 61

# Name the world historical figure(s): Also known as Moctezuma II, an Aztec emperor and ruler of Tenochtitlan who was overthrown by the Spanish under Hernando Cortés

Answer 61

Montezuma II

Question 62

# Name the world historical figure(s): * Roman emperor from the first century A.D. known for his tyranny and persecution of Christians * Although during his short reign he oversaw a successful war and sought to enhance cultural, artistic, and athletic life in Rome, he was driven from the throne and became the first Roman emperor to commit suicide * Many believed he had started the Great Fire of Rome himself

Answer 62

Nero

Question 63

# Name the world historical figure(s): Duke of Normandy who in 1066 launched the Norman conquest of England, eventually becoming the first Norman king of England

Answer 63

William The Conqueror

Question 64

# Name the world historical figure(s): * Portuguese explorer whose final expedition was the first expedition to sail around the Earth (though he was killed before completion of the voyage) * His expedition was also the first to sail from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean, which he named "*Mar Pacifico*" (the "Peaceful Sea") * The Strait of Magellan is named for him

Answer 64

Ferdinand Magellan

Question 65

# Name the world historical figure(s): * Italian merchant and explorer from the 13th and 14th centuries whose travels across Asia were recorded in the travelogue *The Travels of Marco Polo* and introduced Europeans to the cultures of Central Asia * The book later inspired Christopher Columbus, and claims that Polo became a government official at the court of Kublai Khan, the Mongol ruler of China

Answer 65

Marco Polo

Question 66

# Name the world historical figure(s): * Spanish conquistador from the 15th and 16th centuries who established and became the first governor of Puerto Rico * He also named Florida, where he led an expedition in search of the legendary Fountain of Youth

Answer 66

Juan Ponce de León

Question 67

# Name the world historical figure(s): * Greek statesman and general of Athens from the 5th century B.C. * Promoted Athenian democracy and championed the arts, overseeing the creation of many great structures like the Parthenon and much of the Acropolis * His rule is sometimes known as the Age of Pericles or the Golden Age

Answer 67

Pericles

Question 68

# Name the world historical figure(s): Turkish statesman who helped found modern-day Turkey in the 1920s after the fall of the Ottoman Empire, establishing a secular government

Answer 68

Kemal Ataturk

Question 69

# Name the world historical figure(s): * Palestinian leader and head of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and of the Fatah political party * Opposed and fought against Israel for much of his life but later engaged in negotiations to end conflicts between Israel and the PLO * For his participation in the Oslo Accords, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1994 * After his death in 2004, he has remained a controversial figure, revered by many and reviled by many others

Answer 69

Yasir Arafat

Question 70

# Name the world historical figure(s): 20th-century Israeli leader who was important to the formation of Israel and was named the country's first prime minister

Answer 70

David Ben-Gurion

Question 71

# Name the world historical figure(s): * 20th-century Chilean politician who became the first Marxist to become president of a Latin American country when he won the Chilean presidency in 1970 * He was overthrown and committed suicide during a military coup supported by the CIA in 1973 * Following the coup, Chile became a military junta

Answer 71

Salvador Allende

Question 72

# Name the world historical figure(s): * Islamic terrorist and founder of al-Qaeda, the jihadist network that bombed the American embassies in Tanzania and Kenya in 1998 and attacked the World Trade Center and Pentagon in the September 11 attacks of 2001 * After a decade of being the major target of the War on Terror, he was killed by American forces in Pakistan in May 2011

Answer 72

Osama bin Laden

Question 73

# Name the world historical figure(s): * German statesman of the 19th century who was largely responsible for the unification of modern Germany * After the Franco-Prussian War ended in 1871, he unified numerous German states as a single German Empire under Prussian leadership, with him as the first chancellor * His leadership was marked by economic progress, conservatism, and a preserved peace in Europe in the later 19th century

Answer 73

Otto von Bismarck

Question 74

# Name the world historical figure(s): * 18th and 19th-century Venezuelan military and political leader who successfully fought the Spanish Empire for the independence of countries in South America * He helped lead Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia (named in his honor) to independence * One of the most important politicians in Latin American history, he helped lay the foundation for democracy in much of the region

Answer 74

Simón Bolívar

Question 75

# Name the world historical figure(s): * 20th-century Cuban communist political leader who led the 1959 revolution that overthrew the United States-backed dictator of Cuba * He then oversaw Cuba's transformation into a communist state, serving first as prime minister then as president * Due to his alliance with the Soviet Union, the United States implemented an economic blockade of Cuba and unsuccessfully invaded the island in 1961 * In 1962, he allowed the Soviets to place nuclear weapons on Cuba, leading to the Cuban Missile Crisis, at the end of which the missiles were removed * He remains a controversial world figure, regarded by some as an abusive dictator and by others as a champion of socialism and anti-imperialism

Answer 75

Fidel Castro

Question 76

# Name the world historical figure(s): * Empress of Russia in the 18th century who reigned for over thirty years * Under her rule Russia grew larger and stronger than ever and became one of the great powers of Europe * She encouraged the cultural influences of Western Europe and presided over the Russian Enlightenment * She is known for her many romantic affairs, many of them with members of her court and government

Answer 76

Catherine the Great

Question 77

# Name the world historical figure(s): * Chinese nationalist military and political leader of the 20th century who was president of China until he was overthrown by Mao Zedong's communist forces in 1949 * He then fled to Taiwan and established the Republic of China, which exists to this day

Answer 77

Chiang Kai-shek

Question 78

# Name the world historical figure(s): * British author and statesman best known for serving twice as Prime Minister, most notably during World War II * Formed an alliance with Franklin D. Roosevelt (USA) and Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union) against Hitler's Germany and came to epitomize British resistance to conquest by the Nazis * Regarded as a great orator, he also won a Nobel Prize in Literature

Answer 78

Winston Churchill

Question 79

# Name the world historical figure(s): * 19th and 20th-century French doctor, journalist, and statesman who twice served as Prime Minister of France and led the country to victory in World War I * One of the principal architects of the Treaty of Versailles, he was less forgiving than American president Woodrow Wilson and wanted to punish Germany for having started the Great War * As an editor and journalist, he is noted for having published Émile Zola's famous article "*J'accuse*" on the front page of his newspaper *L'Aurore*, one of the major events of the Dreyfus Affair

Answer 79

Georges Clemenceau

Question 80

# Name the world historical figure(s): 18th-century English explorer noted for establishing the first European colony in Australia and for exploring the western coast of North America, New Zealand, and Hawaii

Answer 80

Captain James Cook

Question 81

# Who is: Oliver Cromwell

Answer 81

* Puritan English political and military leader of the 17th century who led the Parliamentarians to victory in the English Civil War and became the Lord Protector of the Commonwealth * Monarchy was restored shortly after his death * He remains a controversial figure, particularly for his ruthless dictatorial style and harsh treatment of Catholics in Scotland and Ireland

Question 82

# Who is: Charles De Gaulle

Answer 82

* French general and politician of the 20th century famous for heading the French Resistance to the Nazis in World War II * Later, as president of France, he helped end the Algerian War by granting independence to Algeria * Fiercely patriotic, he sought to strengthen France by developing its atomic weapons program and by championing a foreign policy independent of the influences of other world powers

Question 83

# Who is: Elizabeth I

Answer 83

* Daughter of Henry VIII and queen of England in the 16th and 17th centuries * Her reign, known as the Elizabethan Period, coincided with the Renaissance in England, including Shakespeare's rise to fame * The US state of Virginia is named for her; because she never married, she was called the Virgin Queen

Question 84

# Who is: Karl Marx

Answer 84

* German economist, philosopher, and socialist of the 19th century who founded Marxism, the fundamental theory of communism that calls for a classless society where all means of production are commonly owned * Working closely with his friend Friedrich Engels, Marx's two most famous works are *Das Kapital* and *The Communist Manifesto* * Marxist ideology contributed to the creation of socialist states like the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China in the 20th century

Question 85

# Who is: Vladimir Lenin

Answer 85

* Russian communist revolutionary leader, member of the Bolshevik party, and central figure in the 1917 Russian Revolution and establishment of the Soviet Union * Oversaw Soviet industrialization, the implementation of state capitalism, the transfer of land to workers' soviets, and the country's exit from World War I * Served as the chief of government until his death in 1924, whereby he was succeeded by Joseph Stalin

Question 86

# Who is: Joseph Stalin

Answer 86

* Soviet leader of the 20th century who ruled the Soviet Union from Lenin's death in 1924 to 1953 * His policies of collectivization and industrialization displaced millions and contributed to a famine, and they were followed by the Great Purge, a period of brutal repression against those seen as opponents of the government * After leading the Soviet Union to victory in World War II, he figured prominently in the Potsdam and Yalta Conferences, then led the USSR in its development as a world power, contributing to the Cold War

Question 87

# Who is: Nelson Mandela

Answer 87

* 20th-century South African politician and most prominent leader in the struggle against Apartheid * As a member of the African National Congress, he was arrested and convicted of sabotage in 1962 and sentenced to life imprisonment by the white minority government * Released in 1990, he helped in the establishment of democracy in 1994, and was then elected South Africa's president in the country's first fully representative, all-race democratic election * He received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993

Question 88

# Who is: Mahatma Gandhi

Answer 88

* The leader of India's drive for independence from Britain, noted for employing non-violent and passive resistance * The honorific *Mahatma* means "Great Soul" * Regarded as a hero and father of India, he was assassinated in 1948 shortly after India had secured its independence

Question 89

# Who is: Mao Zedong

Answer 89

* Chinese communist revolutionary and the founder of the People's Republic of China in 1949 following the flight of Chiang Kai-shek to Taiwan * In the two decades before the communist takeover, his Communist Party of China had clashed with Chiang's Kuomintang party in the Chinese Civil War, with the two sides uniting temporarily to defeat invading Japanese forces * He served as Chairman of the Communist Party of China until his death in 1976, overseeing the nationalization of the country's industries and businesses, socialist reforms, the improvement of healthcare and education, and the modernization of China * He is criticized for his Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, a program to purge and weed out all capitalist culture, and for many perceived human rights abuses that occurred during his rule

Question 90

# Who is: Elizabeth II

Answer 90

* The present queen of Britain, the longest-lived British monarch ever * During her reign many former British territories have gained independence * Her husband is Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and her daughter-in-law was Diana, Princess of Wales

Question 91

# Who is: Archduke Francis Ferdinand

Answer 91

Austrian prince whose assassination in 1914 led to the outbreak of World War I

Question 92

# Who is: Francisco Franco

Answer 92

* Fascist Spanish military leader and dictator of the 20th century * Led the Nationalists to victory in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and ruled Spain until his death in 1975

Question 93

# Who is: Adolf Hitler

Answer 93

* Austrian-born German politician of the 20th century who was head of the Nazi Party, dictator of Nazi Germany, and led Germany in World War II * Author of the memoir *Mein Kampf* (My Struggle), which outlined his program for Germany * As chancellor of Germany he established the Third Reich, a single-party dictatorship, and began World War II in 1939 by invading Poland * Wishing to create a master race of Aryans, he supervised the systematic murder of 11 million people, including 6 million Jews (the Holocaust) * In 1945, with Germany's defeat imminent, he and his wife Eva Braun committed suicide

Question 94

# Who is: Mikhail Gorbachev

Answer 94

* The Soviet Union's last president, who attempted to restructure the country's economy by adopting certain capitalist elements * Hard-line communists staged a coup against him in 1991, but it quickly collapsed and he returned to the presidency, but he was unable to prevent the eventual dissolution of the USSR

Question 95

# Who is: Che Guevara

Answer 95

* Argentine Marxist revolutionary who figured prominently in the Cuban Revolution that saw Fidel Castro rise to power * He later became a guerrilla leader in Latin America, eventually captured and killed in Bolivia in 1967 * His visage has since become a countercultural symbol of rebellion

Question 96

# Who is: Hirohito

Answer 96

* Japanese emperor of the 20th century who reigned over Japan in World War II * After the war, he was not prosecuted for war crimes and was forced to give up the claim to divine status * He then became the symbol of Japan's recovery, and he died in 1989, his nation's economy the second largest in the world

Question 97

# Who is: Ho Chi Minh

Answer 97

* Vietnamese revolutionary of the 20th century who helped found the communist Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1945 * His forces helped drive out Japanese forces in the 40s and defeat the French in 1954 * Although he died during the Vietnam War, he served as an inspiration for the People's Army of Vietnam and the Viet Cong fighting for a united, communist Vietnam * Saigon was renamed in his honor

Question 98

# Who is: Saddam Hussein

Answer 98

* Dictator of Iraq from 1979 to 2003, noted for the brutality of his dictatorship, namely his suppression of Shi'ite Muslims and Kurds * He nationalized oil and sought to make Iraq the dominant force in the Persian Gulf, invading Iran in 1980 and Kuwait in 1990, leading to the Persian Gulf War * In 2003, British and American forces invaded Iraq to depose him and institute a transition to democracy * Under the interim Iraqi government, he was tried and sentenced to death for the killing of Iraqi Shi'ites in 1982; he was executed in 2006

Question 99

# Who is: Pol Pot

Answer 99

* 20th-century Cambodian revolutionary who led the Khmer Rouge, the communist movement in Cambodia that came to power in 1975 * His three-year dictatorship saw the Cambodian population being forced to relocate to work in labor projects and collective farms, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 1 to 3 million people * When the Khmer Rouge fell in 1979, he fled to the jungles and died under house arrest in 1998

Question 100

# Who is: Louis XIV

Answer 100

* Powerful French king who ruled in the 17th and 18th centuries * Known as the Sun King, he reigned for more than 70 years and strongly believed in the divine right of kings * During his reign France was the leading European power, and he helped create a centralized state by pacifying the aristocracy by inviting many nobles to live at his palace at Versailles

Question 101

# Name the world historical figure(s): * Puritan English political and military leader of the 17th century who led the Parliamentarians to victory in the English Civil War and became the Lord Protector of the Commonwealth * Monarchy was restored shortly after his death * He remains a controversial figure, particularly for his ruthless dictatorial style and harsh treatment of Catholics in Scotland and Ireland

Answer 101

Oliver Cromwell

Question 102

# Name the world historical figure(s): * French general and politician of the 20th century famous for heading the French Resistance to the Nazis in World War II * Later, as president of France, he helped end the Algerian War by granting independence to Algeria * Fiercely patriotic, he sought to strengthen France by developing its atomic weapons program and by championing a foreign policy independent of the influences of other world powers

Answer 102

Charles De Gaulle

Question 103

# Name the world historical figure(s): * Daughter of Henry VIII and queen of England in the 16th and 17th centuries * Her reign, known as the Elizabethan Period, coincided with the Renaissance in England, including Shakespeare's rise to fame * The US state of Virginia is named for her; because she never married, she was called the Virgin Queen

Answer 103

Elizabeth I

Question 104

# Name the world historical figure(s): * German economist, philosopher, and socialist of the 19th century who founded Marxism, the fundamental theory of communism that calls for a classless society where all means of production are commonly owned * Working closely with his friend Friedrich Engels, Marx's two most famous works are *Das Kapital* and *The Communist Manifesto* * Marxist ideology contributed to the creation of socialist states like the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China in the 20th century

Answer 104

Karl Marx

Question 105

# Name the world historical figure(s): * Russian communist revolutionary leader, member of the Bolshevik party, and central figure in the 1917 Russian Revolution and establishment of the Soviet Union * Oversaw Soviet industrialization, the implementation of state capitalism, the transfer of land to workers' soviets, and the country's exit from World War I * Served as the chief of government until his death in 1924, whereby he was succeeded by Joseph Stalin

Answer 105

Vladimir Lenin

Question 106

# Name the world historical figure(s): * Soviet leader of the 20th century who ruled the Soviet Union from Lenin's death in 1924 to 1953 * His policies of collectivization and industrialization displaced millions and contributed to a famine, and they were followed by the Great Purge, a period of brutal repression against those seen as opponents of the government * After leading the Soviet Union to victory in World War II, he figured prominently in the Potsdam and Yalta Conferences, then led the USSR in its development as a world power, contributing to the Cold War

Answer 106

Joseph Stalin

Question 107

# Name the world historical figure(s): * 20th-century South African politician and most prominent leader in the struggle against Apartheid * As a member of the African National Congress, he was arrested and convicted of sabotage in 1962 and sentenced to life imprisonment by the white minority government * Released in 1990, he helped in the establishment of democracy in 1994, and was then elected South Africa's president in the country's first fully representative, all-race democratic election * He received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993

Answer 107

Nelson Mandela

Question 108

# Name the world historical figure(s): * The leader of India's drive for independence from Britain, noted for employing non-violent and passive resistance * The honorific *Mahatma* means "Great Soul" * Regarded as a hero and father of India, he was assassinated in 1948 shortly after India had secured its independence

Answer 108

Mahatma Gandhi

Question 109

# Name the world historical figure(s): * Chinese communist revolutionary and the founder of the People's Republic of China in 1949 following the flight of Chiang Kai-shek to Taiwan * In the two decades before the communist takeover, his Communist Party of China had clashed with Chiang's Kuomintang party in the Chinese Civil War, with the two sides uniting temporarily to defeat invading Japanese forces * He served as Chairman of the Communist Party of China until his death in 1976, overseeing the nationalization of the country's industries and businesses, socialist reforms, the improvement of healthcare and education, and the modernization of China * He is criticized for his Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, a program to purge and weed out all capitalist culture, and for many perceived human rights abuses that occurred during his rule

Answer 109

Mao Zedong

Question 110

# Name the world historical figure(s): * The present queen of Britain, the longest-lived British monarch ever * During her reign many former British territories have gained independence * Her husband is Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and her daughter-in-law was Diana, Princess of Wales

Answer 110

Elizabeth II

Question 111

# Name the world historical figure(s): Austrian prince whose assassination in 1914 led to the outbreak of World War I

Answer 111

Archduke Francis Ferdinand

Question 112

# Name the world historical figure(s): * Fascist Spanish military leader and dictator of the 20th century * Led the Nationalists to victory in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and ruled Spain until his death in 1975

Answer 112

Francisco Franco

Question 113

# Name the world historical figure(s): * Austrian-born German politician of the 20th century who was head of the Nazi Party, dictator of Nazi Germany, and led Germany in World War II * Author of the memoir *Mein Kampf* (My Struggle), which outlined his program for Germany * As chancellor of Germany he established the Third Reich, a single-party dictatorship, and began World War II in 1939 by invading Poland * Wishing to create a master race of Aryans, he supervised the systematic murder of 11 million people, including 6 million Jews (the Holocaust) * In 1945, with Germany's defeat imminent, he and his wife Eva Braun committed suicide

Answer 113

Adolf Hitler

Question 114

# Name the world historical figure(s): * The Soviet Union's last president, who attempted to restructure the country's economy by adopting certain capitalist elements * Hard-line communists staged a coup against him in 1991, but it quickly collapsed and he returned to the presidency, but he was unable to prevent the eventual dissolution of the USSR

Answer 114

Mikhail Gorbachev

Question 115

# Name the world historical figure(s): * Argentine Marxist revolutionary who figured prominently in the Cuban Revolution that saw Fidel Castro rise to power * He later became a guerrilla leader in Latin America, eventually captured and killed in Bolivia in 1967 * His visage has since become a countercultural symbol of rebellion

Answer 115

Che Guevara

Question 116

# Name the world historical figure(s): * Japanese emperor of the 20th century who reigned over Japan in World War II * After the war, he was not prosecuted for war crimes and was forced to give up the claim to divine status * He then became the symbol of Japan's recovery, and he died in 1989, his nation's economy the second largest in the world

Answer 116

Hirohito

Question 117

# Name the world historical figure(s): * Vietnamese revolutionary of the 20th century who helped found the communist Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1945 * His forces helped drive out Japanese forces in the 40s and defeat the French in 1954 * Although he died during the Vietnam War, he served as an inspiration for the People's Army of Vietnam and the Viet Cong fighting for a united, communist Vietnam * Saigon was renamed in his honor

Answer 117

Ho Chi Minh

Question 118

# Name the world historical figure(s): * Dictator of Iraq from 1979 to 2003, noted for the brutality of his dictatorship, namely his suppression of Shi'ite Muslims and Kurds * He nationalized oil and sought to make Iraq the dominant force in the Persian Gulf, invading Iran in 1980 and Kuwait in 1990, leading to the Persian Gulf War * In 2003, British and American forces invaded Iraq to depose him and institute a transition to democracy * Under the interim Iraqi government, he was tried and sentenced to death for the killing of Iraqi Shi'ites in 1982; he was executed in 2006

Answer 118

Saddam Hussein

Question 119

# Name the world historical figure(s): * 20th-century Cambodian revolutionary who led the Khmer Rouge, the communist movement in Cambodia that came to power in 1975 * His three-year dictatorship saw the Cambodian population being forced to relocate to work in labor projects and collective farms, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 1 to 3 million people * When the Khmer Rouge fell in 1979, he fled to the jungles and died under house arrest in 1998

Answer 119

Pol Pot

Question 120

# Name the world historical figure(s): * Powerful French king who ruled in the 17th and 18th centuries * Known as the Sun King, he reigned for more than 70 years and strongly believed in the divine right of kings * During his reign France was the leading European power, and he helped create a centralized state by pacifying the aristocracy by inviting many nobles to live at his palace at Versailles

Answer 120

Louis XIV

Question 121

# Who is: Louis XVI

Answer 121

* The last king of France before the French Revolution * Although he first accepted a change from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy, he and his family, including his wife Marie Antoinette, tried to flee the country but were caught and returned to Paris as traitors and prisoners * He and Marie Antoinette were beheaded in 1793

Question 122

# Who is: Benito Mussolini

Answer 122

* Fascist Italian dictator of the 1930s and 40s who allied with Germany and Japan in World War II * He was killed in April 1945, with Italian defeat looming

Question 123

# Who is: Napoleon Bonaparte

Answer 123

* French general and emperor of the 18th and 19th centuries * After climbing the ranks of army and government during and after the French Revolution, he declared himself emperor in 1804 * He and his armies conquered most of continental Europe, and he sought to promote the ideals of the French Revolution, most notably via the *Napoleonic Code*, a greatly influential legal code that allowed freedom of religion and forbade privileges based on birth * After a catastrophic campaign in Russia, he was eventually defeated and exiled to Elba, but he briefly returned to power before losing at Waterloo in 1815 * He died in 1821 in confinement on the island of St. Helena

Question 124

# Who is: Eva Perón

Answer 124

* Argentine political figure and wife of President Juan Perón * From 1946 on, she became incredibly popular in Argentina, promoting labor rights, founding the charitable Eva Perón Foundation, and championing women's suffrage * She died of cancer in 1952 at the age of 33 * The musical *Evita* is based on her life

Question 125

# Who is: Peter the Great

Answer 125

* Russian czar of the 17th and 18th centuries who expanded Russia into a large empire and transformed its medieval sociopolitical system into a more modern and Western science-based one * He established the new capital, St. Petersburg (which was temporarily renamed Leningrad in the 20th century)

Question 126

# Who is: Jawaharlal Nehru

Answer 126

* Indian politician and close associate of Mahatma Gandhi who served as India's first prime minister from 1947 until his death in 1964 * His daughter, Indira Gandhi, later served as Indian prime minister two times, but was killed in 1984

Question 127

# Who is: Vladimir Putin

Answer 127

* President of Russia currently serving his third term * He has also served as Russia's Prime Minister * A former officer in the KGB, he is credited with helping to return Russia to political and economic stability * Accused at times of being a dictator, he is a generally popular figure, namely for his adventurous image

Question 128

# Who is: Muammar Gaddafi

Answer 128

* Libyan politician who was ruler of Libya, holding various official titles, from 1969 to 2011 * An Arab nationalist, he pushed Libya toward socialism and championed anti-imperialism, but was also seen as a dictator who oversaw many humans rights abuses * In 2011, an uprising (with NATO and EU support) broke out and he was captured and executed by rebel militia

Question 129

# Who is: Grigori Rasputin

Answer 129

* Russian mystic and healer of the 19th and 20th centuries who was a close adviser to the czar of Russia, Nicholas II, and his wife Alexandra * He appeared to be the only person capable of alleviating the symptoms of the czar's only son Alexei, who suffered from hemophilia * He was greatly influential in the later years of the czar's reign, his political suggestions ultimately proving to be disastrous for the czar, who was overthrown in 1917 * He was killed in 1916 by jealous Russian noblemen

Question 130

# Who is: Sir Walter Raleigh

Answer 130

English explorer of the 16th and 17th centuries who explored the Americas and is credited with introducing both the potato and tobacco into England

Question 131

# Who is: Cardinal Richelieu

Answer 131

* French clergyman and statesman of the 17th century and King Louis XIII's chief minister * He helped to establish absolute monarchy in France, founded the *Académie Française*, and contributed to the retention of Quebec as a French colony * He is a character in Dumas's *The Three Musketeers*, depicted as the antagonist

Question 132

# Who is: Maximilien Robespierre

Answer 132

* French political leader of the 18th century and one of the most radical leaders of the French Revolution * Responsible in large part for the Reign of Terror, he was executed in 1794 after public opinion of him and his extreme policies shifted

Question 133

# Who is: Margaret Thatcher

Answer 133

* British politician and Prime Minister of the UK from 1979-90, the only woman to have held the position * Nicknamed the Iron Lady and a member of the Conservative Party, she emphasized deregulation and privatization

Question 134

# Who is: Queen Victoria

Answer 134

* Queen of the United Kingdom from 1837 until her death in 1901 * Her reign, the longest of any British monarch, is known as the Victorian Era, and characterized by the growth and power of the British Empire * The Victorian Era was a period of great industrial and cultural development within the UK, and is also associated with a certain strict sense of morality

Question 135

# Who is: Pancho Villa

Answer 135

* 19th and 20th-century Mexican revolutionary general who famously raided Columbus, New Mexico in 1916 and was pursued unsuccessfully by American General John Pershing * He was assassinated in 1923 at the age of 45, and today his memory is honored by Mexicans

Question 136

# Who is: Duke of Wellington

Answer 136

Arthur Wellesley, a British general and statesman of the 19th century who commanded the allied army that defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo

Question 137

# Who is: Marshal Tito

Answer 137

Yugoslav military leader and statesman of the 20th century who led the resistance movement in Yugoslavia during World War II and who later established communist rule in Yugoslavia

Question 138

# Who is: Angela Merkel

Answer 138

* The current Chancellor of Germany and the first woman to have held the position * Regarded as a leader of the EU and in managing the financial crisis, she is considered one of the most powerful women in the world

Question 139

# Who is: Pope John Paul II

Answer 139

* Pope of the Catholic Church from 1978 until his death in 2005 * Regarded as one of most influential leaders of the 20th century, he sought to improve the Church's standing with other world religions such as Islam and Judaism

Question 140

# Who is: Mahmoud Ahmadinejad

Answer 140

Former president of Iran (2005-13) and controversial international figure for his hard-line conservative views, perceived disregard for human rights, and support of Iran's nuclear program

Question 141

# Name the world historical figure(s): * The last king of France before the French Revolution * Although he first accepted a change from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy, he and his family, including his wife Marie Antoinette, tried to flee the country but were caught and returned to Paris as traitors and prisoners * He and Marie Antoinette were beheaded in 1793

Answer 141

Louis XVI

Question 142

# Name the world historical figure(s): * Fascist Italian dictator of the 1930s and 40s who allied with Germany and Japan in World War II * He was killed in April 1945, with Italian defeat looming

Answer 142

Benito Mussolini

Question 143

# Name the world historical figure(s): * French general and emperor of the 18th and 19th centuries * After climbing the ranks of army and government during and after the French Revolution, he declared himself emperor in 1804 * He and his armies conquered most of continental Europe, and he sought to promote the ideals of the French Revolution, most notably via the *Napoleonic Code*, a greatly influential legal code that allowed freedom of religion and forbade privileges based on birth * After a catastrophic campaign in Russia, he was eventually defeated and exiled to Elba, but he briefly returned to power before losing at Waterloo in 1815 * He died in 1821 in confinement on the island of St. Helena

Answer 143

Napoleon Bonaparte

Question 144

# Name the world historical figure(s): * Argentine political figure and wife of President Juan Perón * From 1946 on, she became incredibly popular in Argentina, promoting labor rights, founding the charitable Eva Perón Foundation, and championing women's suffrage * She died of cancer in 1952 at the age of 33 * The musical *Evita* is based on her life

Answer 144

Eva Perón

Question 145

# Name the world historical figure(s): * Russian czar of the 17th and 18th centuries who expanded Russia into a large empire and transformed its medieval sociopolitical system into a more modern and Western science-based one * He established the new capital, St. Petersburg (which was temporarily renamed Leningrad in the 20th century)

Answer 145

Peter the Great

Question 146

# Name the world historical figure(s): * Indian politician and close associate of Mahatma Gandhi who served as India's first prime minister from 1947 until his death in 1964 * His daughter, Indira Gandhi, later served as Indian prime minister two times, but was killed in 1984

Answer 146

Jawaharlal Nehru

Question 147

# Name the world historical figure(s): * President of Russia currently serving his third term * He has also served as Russia's Prime Minister * A former officer in the KGB, he is credited with helping to return Russia to political and economic stability * Accused at times of being a dictator, he is a generally popular figure, namely for his adventurous image

Answer 147

Vladimir Putin

Question 148

# Name the world historical figure(s): * :Libyan politician who was ruler of Libya, holding various official titles, from 1969 to 2011 * An Arab nationalist, he pushed Libya toward socialism and championed anti-imperialism, but was also seen as a dictator who oversaw many humans rights abuses * In 2011, an uprising (with NATO and EU support) broke out and he was captured and executed by rebel militia

Answer 148

Muammar Gaddafi

Question 149

# Name the world historical figure(s): * Russian mystic and healer of the 19th and 20th centuries who was a close adviser to the czar of Russia, Nicholas II, and his wife Alexandra * He appeared to be the only person capable of alleviating the symptoms of the czar's only son Alexei, who suffered from hemophilia * He was greatly influential in the later years of the czar's reign, his political suggestions ultimately proving to be disastrous for the czar, who was overthrown in 1917 * He was killed in 1916 by jealous Russian noblemen

Answer 149

Grigori Rasputin

Question 150

# Name the world historical figure(s): English explorer of the 16th and 17th centuries who explored the Americas and is credited with introducing both the potato and tobacco into England

Answer 150

Sir Walter Raleigh

Question 151

# Name the world historical figure(s): * French clergyman and statesman of the 17th century and King Louis XIII's chief minister * He helped to establish absolute monarchy in France, founded the *Académie Française*, and contributed to the retention of Quebec as a French colony * He is a character in Dumas's *The Three Musketeers*, depicted as the antagonist

Answer 151

Cardinal Richelieu

Question 152

# Name the world historical figure(s): * French political leader of the 18th century and one of the most radical leaders of the French Revolution * Responsible in large part for the Reign of Terror, he was executed in 1794 after public opinion of him and his extreme policies shifted

Answer 152

Maximilien Robespierre

Question 153

# Name the world historical figure(s): * British politician and Prime Minister of the UK from 1979-90, the only woman to have held the position * Nicknamed the Iron Lady and a member of the Conservative Party, she emphasized deregulation and privatization

Answer 153

Margaret Thatcher

Question 154

# Name the world historical figure(s): * Queen of the United Kingdom from 1837 until her death in 1901 * Her reign, the longest of any British monarch, is known as the Victorian Era, and characterized by the growth and power of the British Empire * The Victorian Era was a period of great industrial and cultural development within the UK, and is also associated with a certain strict sense of morality

Answer 154

Queen Victoria

Question 155

# Name the world historical figure(s): * 19th and 20th-century Mexican revolutionary general who famously raided Columbus, New Mexico in 1916 and was pursued unsuccessfully by American General John Pershing * He was assassinated in 1923 at the age of 45, and today his memory is honored by Mexicans

Answer 155

Pancho Villa

Question 156

# Name the world historical figure(s): Arthur Wellesley, a British general and statesman of the 19th century who commanded the allied army that defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo

Answer 156

Duke of Wellington

Question 157

# Name the world historical figure(s): Yugoslav military leader and statesman of the 20th century who led the resistance movement in Yugoslavia during World War II and who later established communist rule in Yugoslavia

Answer 157

Marshal Tito

Question 158

# Name the world historical figure(s): * The current Chancellor of Germany and the first woman to have held the position * Regarded as a leader of the EU and in managing the financial crisis, she is considered one of the most powerful women in the world

Answer 158

Angela Merkel

Question 159

# Name the world historical figure(s): * Pope of the Catholic Church from 1978 until his death in 2005 * Regarded as one of most influential leaders of the 20th century, he sought to improve the Church's standing with other world religions such as Islam and Judaism

Answer 159

Pope John Paul II

Question 160

# Name the world historical figure(s): Former president of Iran (2005-13) and controversial international figure for his hard-line conservative views, perceived disregard for human rights, and support of Iran's nuclear program

Answer 160

Mahmoud Ahmadinejad

Question 161

# Who is: Kim Jong-il

Answer 161

* Leader of North Korea from 1994 until his death in 2011 * Known for having a cult of personality within North Korea and for a poor human rights record, whereby most aspects of sociopolitical and economic life were controlled by his government

Question 162

# Who is: Hugo Chávez

Answer 162

* The president of Venezuela from 1999 until his death in 2013 * A divisive figure, he worked to implement socialist reforms in Venezuela as part of his Bolivarian Revolution

Question 163

# Who is: Justinian The Great

Answer 163

Byzantine Emperor of the 6th century who sought and partly realized the recovery of the western territories of the lost Western Roman Empire

Question 164

# Who is: Confucius

Answer 164

Chinese philosopher of the 6th century B.C. and founder of Confucianism, a code of ethics that still governs Chinese culture and stresses ancestor worship, family relationships, learning, and loyalty

Question 165

# Who is: Princess Diana

Answer 165

* Princess of Wales, member of the British Royal Family, and first wife of Charles, Prince of Wales, heir apparent to Queen Elizabeth II * One of the most famous women in the world in the late 20th century, she was well known for her grace, beauty, and charity work * She died in 1997 in a car accident in Paris

Question 166

# Who is: Mother Teresa

Answer 166

Albanian-born Roman Catholic nun of the 20th century who won the Nobel Peace Price in 1979 for her humanitarian work, namely in Calcutta

Question 167

# Who is: Socrates

Answer 167

* Ancient Greek philosopher who was the teacher of Plato and is known for the Socratic method of teaching, which proceeds by question and answer instead of by lecture * Seen as one of the founders of Western philosophy, particularly as it relates to ethics and logic * He was condemned to death by the citizens of Athens, who found him guilty of denying the existence of the gods and of corrupting the minds of the Athenian youth

Question 168

# Who is: Plato

Answer 168

* Ancient Greek philosopher and founder of the Academy in Athens, the Western world's first institution of higher learning * One of the most important figures in Western science and philosophy, he was a student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle * He is known for his philosophical dialogues, which include the *Republic* and the *Symposium*

Question 169

# Who is: Aristotle

Answer 169

* Ancient Greek philosopher who was a student of Plato and served as tutor to Alexander the Great * One of the most important figures in Western philosophy, he wrote on many subjects and his writings and philosophy continue to be studied today * His most important surviving treatises include *Metaphysics*, *Politics*, *Poetics*, and *Physics*

Question 170

# Who is: Martin Luther

Answer 170

* 16th-century German religious leader and founder of Protestantism * A priest of the Roman Catholic Church, he began the Reformation by attacking the Church for allowing the sale of indulgences * Believing that the Church was also opposed to the Bible on the question of justification by grace through faith and the doctrine of transubstantiation, he called for the formation of a new body of Christians

Question 171

# Who is: Thomas Aquinas

Answer 171

* Italian philosopher and priest of the 13th century and a saint of the Roman Catholic Church * A proponent of natural theology, he reconciled reason and faith by arguing that philosophy could be compatible with Christianity

Question 172

# Who is: Vasco da Gama

Answer 172

* Portuguese explorer of the 15th and 16th centuries and one of the most famous explorers of the Age of Discovery * The first European to reach India by sea, he helped to establish Portugal's colonial empire in Asia

Question 173

# Who is: Suleiman the Magnificent

Answer 173

* Emperor of the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century who oversaw his empire at its political, economic, and military height * He restructured the Ottoman legal system and was a great patron of culture, his reign coinciding with the Ottoman Empire's golden age of artistic development

Question 174

# Who is: John Calvin

Answer 174

* French Protestant religious reformer from the 16th century and the founder of Calvinism * His most famous doctrine was that of predestination

Question 175

# Who is: Anne Frank

Answer 175

* German-born Jewish girl who has become remembered as one of the most prominent victims of the Holocaust * Her diary, published after her death and the conclusion of World War II as *The Diary of a Young Girl*, documents her experiences hiding from Nazis during the German occupation of the Netherlands * She and her family were discovered in 1944, and she died in 1945 after being sent to a concentration camp

Question 176

# Who is: de Medici Family

Answer 176

* A family of politicians and patrons of the arts, based in Florence during the Renaissance * One of them, Lorenzo, is best known as a patron of many of the great artists of the period

Question 177

# Who is: Pablo Escobar

Answer 177

* Colombian drug lord of the 20th century who headed the Medellín drug cartel and gained considerable wealth, political power, and popularity in Colombia * He was killed in 1993

Question 178

# Who is: King John of England

Answer 178

* John Lackland, King of England in the 13th century most famous for having been pressured in 1215 into signing the Magna Carta, considered to have laid the groundwork for the constitution of the UK * He is depicted in the Robin Hood legends as a villain

Question 179

# Who is: Kublai Khan

Answer 179

* 13th-century Mongol emperor and founder of the Yuan Dynasty in China, who reigned over present-day Mongolia, Korea, and China * Marco Polo claimed to have become a member of the emperor's court during his travels to Asia

Question 180

# Who is: Lech Walesa

Answer 180

* Polish statesman and activist who founded Solidarity, an influential independent trade union, and later became President of Poland in 1990 * A recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983, he oversaw Poland's transition into a post-communist state

Question 181

# Name the world historical figure(s): * Leader of North Korea from 1994 until his death in 2011 * Known for having a cult of personality within North Korea and for a poor human rights record, whereby most aspects of sociopolitical and economic life were controlled by his government

Answer 181

Kim Jong-il

Question 182

# Name the world historical figure(s): * The president of Venezuela from 1999 until his death in 2013 * A divisive figure, he worked to implement socialist reforms in Venezuela as part of his Bolivarian Revolution

Answer 182

Hugo Chávez

Question 183

# Name the world historical figure(s): Byzantine Emperor of the 6th century who sought and partly realized the recovery of the western territories of the lost Western Roman Empire

Answer 183

Justinian The Great

Question 184

# Name the world historical figure(s): Chinese philosopher of the 6th century B.C. and founder of Confucianism, a code of ethics that still governs Chinese culture and stresses ancestor worship, family relationships, learning, and loyalty

Answer 184

Confucius

Question 185

# Name the world historical figure(s): * Princess of Wales, member of the British Royal Family, and first wife of Charles, Prince of Wales, heir apparent to Queen Elizabeth II * One of the most famous women in the world in the late 20th century, she was well known for her grace, beauty, and charity work * She died in 1997 in a car accident in Paris

Answer 185

Princess Diana

Question 186

# Name the world historical figure(s): Albanian-born Roman Catholic nun of the 20th century who won the Nobel Peace Price in 1979 for her humanitarian work, namely in Calcutta

Answer 186

Mother Teresa

Question 187

# Name the world historical figure(s): * Ancient Greek philosopher who was the teacher of Plato and is known for the Socratic method of teaching, which proceeds by question and answer instead of by lecture * Seen as one of the founders of Western philosophy, particularly as it relates to ethics and logic * He was condemned to death by the citizens of Athens, who found him guilty of denying the existence of the gods and of corrupting the minds of the Athenian youth

Answer 187

Socrates

Question 188

# Name the world historical figure(s): * Ancient Greek philosopher and founder of the Academy in Athens, the Western world's first institution of higher learning * One of the most important figures in Western science and philosophy, he was a student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle * He is known for his philosophical dialogues, which include the *Republic* and the *Symposium*

Answer 188

Plato

Question 189

# Name the world historical figure(s): * Ancient Greek philosopher who was a student of Plato and served as tutor to Alexander the Great * One of the most important figures in Western philosophy, he wrote on many subjects and his writings and philosophy continue to be studied today * His most important surviving treatises include *Metaphysics*, *Politics*, *Poetics*, and *Physics*

Answer 189

Aristotle

Question 190

# Name the world historical figure(s): * 16th-century German religious leader and founder of Protestantism * A priest of the Roman Catholic Church, he began the Reformation by attacking the Church for allowing the sale of indulgences * Believing that the Church was also opposed to the Bible on the question of justification by grace through faith and the doctrine of transubstantiation, he called for the formation of a new body of Christians

Answer 190

Martin Luther

Question 191

# Name the world historical figure(s): * Italian philosopher and priest of the 13th century and a saint of the Roman Catholic Church * A proponent of natural theology, he reconciled reason and faith by arguing that philosophy could be compatible with Christianity

Answer 191

Thomas Aquinas

Question 192

# Name the world historical figure(s): * Portuguese explorer of the 15th and 16th centuries and one of the most famous explorers of the Age of Discovery * The first European to reach India by sea, he helped to establish Portugal's colonial empire in Asia

Answer 192

Vasco da Gama

Question 193

# Name the world historical figure(s): * Emperor of the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century who oversaw his empire at its political, economic, and military height * He restructured the Ottoman legal system and was a great patron of culture, his reign coinciding with the Ottoman Empire's golden age of artistic development

Answer 193

Suleiman the Magnificent

Question 194

# Name the world historical figure(s): * French Protestant religious reformer from the 16th century and the founder of Calvinism * His most famous doctrine was that of predestination

Answer 194

John Calvin

Question 195

# Name the world historical figure(s): * :German-born Jewish girl who has become remembered as one of the most prominent victims of the Holocaust * Her diary, published after her death and the conclusion of World War II as *The Diary of a Young Girl*, documents her experiences hiding from Nazis during the German occupation of the Netherlands * She and her family were discovered in 1944, and she died in 1945 after being sent to a concentration camp

Answer 195

Anne Frank

Question 196

# Name the world historical figure(s): * A family of politicians and patrons of the arts, based in Florence during the Renaissance * One of them, Lorenzo, is best known as a patron of many of the great artists of the period

Answer 196

de Medici Family

Question 197

# Name the world historical figure(s): * Colombian drug lord of the 20th century who headed the Medellín drug cartel and gained considerable wealth, political power, and popularity in Colombia * He was killed in 1993

Answer 197

Pablo Escobar

Question 198

# Name the world historical figure(s): * John Lackland, King of England in the 13th century most famous for having been pressured in 1215 into signing the Magna Carta, considered to have laid the groundwork for the constitution of the UK * He is depicted in the Robin Hood legends as a villain

Answer 198

King John of England

Question 199

# Name the world historical figure(s): * 13th-century Mongol emperor and founder of the Yuan Dynasty in China, who reigned over present-day Mongolia, Korea, and China * Marco Polo claimed to have become a member of the emperor's court during his travels to Asia

Answer 199

Kublai Khan

Question 200

# Name the world historical figure(s): * Polish statesman and activist who founded Solidarity, an influential independent trade union, and later became President of Poland in 1990 * A recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983, he oversaw Poland's transition into a post-communist state

Answer 200

Lech Walesa

Question 201

# Who is: Christina, Queen of Sweden

Answer 201

* Queen of Sweden in the 17th century known for her unconventional artistic and intellectual tastes * In 1654 she abdicated her throne and converted to Catholicism, and later moved to Rome, where she became a patron of the arts

Question 202

# Who is: Charles XII of Sweden

Answer 202

* 17th and 18th-century king of Sweden who led the Swedish army in the Great Northern War * Although he earned victories early on, he eventually lost his life in 1718, leading to the temporary end of absolute monarchy in Sweden, but more importantly, to the end of the Swedish Empire

Question 203

# Who is: Gustavus Adolphus

Answer 203

King of Sweden in the early 17th century, responsible for leading Sweden during the Thirty Years War and for establishing it as a European power and empire

Question 204

# Who is: José de San Martín

Answer 204

* 19th-century Argentine general who played a major role in the successful South American struggle for independence from Spain * He was directly involved in the liberation of both Chile and Peru, and is seen along with Simón Bolívar as one of the liberators of Spanish South America

Question 205

# Who is: Bernardo O'Higgins

Answer 205

* 19th-century Chilean independence leader of Spanish and Irish descent who is regarded as one of Chile's founding fathers * Along with José de San Martín, he helped free Chile from Spanish rule in the Chilean War of Independence

Question 206

# Who is: The 14th Dalai Lama

Answer 206

* The current Dalai Lama, the head monk in the Gelug branch of Tibetan Buddhism * Holding the position since he was 15 in 1950, he won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1989 and is known as a charismatic speaker who advocates for Tibetans and who emphasizes the importance of compassion and its relationship to happiness

Question 207

# Who is: Kim Il-sung

Answer 207

* 20th-century communist founder and leader of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, or North Korea, from its establishment in 1948 until his death in 1994 * In 1950, he invaded South Korea, beginning the Korean War, which, after American and UN intervention, ended three years later * His reign is often seen as having been an autocracy, and like his son and successor Kim Jong-il, he established in North Korea a great cult of personality

Question 208

# Who is: Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

Answer 208

* Iranian religious and revolutionary leader of the 20th century who imposed rule by Islamic law and became Iran's dictator in 1979 following the overthrow of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi * He wished to rid Iran of foreign influences, and supported the Iranian militants who took American hostages during the Iran hostage crisis from 1979-81 * He died in 1989

Question 209

# Who is: T.E. Lawrence

Answer 209

* English soldier of the 20th century, known as Lawrence of Arabia * Led a rebellion of Arabs against the Turks in World War I, later depicting the experience in his book *Seven Pillars of Wisdom* * A film detailing his experiences in the war, *Lawrence of Arabia*, came out in 1962

Question 210

# Who is: Muhammad Ali of Egypt

Answer 210

* 18th and 19th-century Ottoman military leader who became the head of Sudan and Egypt * Considered the founder of modern Egypt, he made many economic and military reforms and established a dynasty that would last until the Egyptian Revolution of 1952

Question 211

# Who is: Anwar Sadat

Answer 211

* Egyptian revolutionary and statesman of the 20th century who contributed to the overthrow of the Muhammad Ali Dynasty in the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 * Succeeded Gamal Abdel Nasser as President of Egypt in 1970, and negotiated the Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty, which was unpopular to many Arabs and led ultimately to his assassination in 1981

Question 212

# Who is: Enver Pasha

Answer 212

20th-century Ottoman military officer who fought in the Balkan Wars and World War I and was a leader of the Young Turk revolution

Question 213

# Who is: Haile Selassie I

Answer 213

* Ethiopia's leader (as regent and then emperor) from 1916 to 1974, and one of the most significant figures in African history * He was revered as a messiah of the Rastafari movement, and he was a promoter of collective security at the international level

Question 214

# Who is: Desmond Tutu

Answer 214

* South African Anglican bishop most famous for his human rights activism and opposition to apartheid * A recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1984, he has campaigned over the years to fight against illness, poverty, racism, and sexism * He was the first black South African Archbishop of Cape Town

Question 215

# Who is: Jan Smuts

Answer 215

* South African and British Commonwealth statesman and military leader who served twice as South Africa's Prime Minister * He is most known for playing an instrumental role in the establishment of the League of Nations, and later called for the creation of the UN * He served in both World Wars, and was also the only person to sign the peace treaties ending both of the wars

Question 216

# Who is: Guru Nanak

Answer 216

15th and 16th-century religious leader and Sikh Guru who founded the religion of Sikhism

Question 217

# Who is: Mohammad Reza Pahlavi

Answer 217

* 20th-century political figure who was the Shah of Persia and the last King of Iran * The Shah was a secular Muslim who promoted modernization and recognized Israel, and he was overthrown in 1979 in the Iranian Revolution * He died in 1980 while in exile in Egypt, having been granted asylum by President Anwar Sadat

Question 218

# Who is: Gamal Abdel Nasser

Answer 218

* Egyptian colonel and statesman who overthrew the monarchy of Egypt and Sudan in the Revolution of 1952 * He was the second President of Egypt from 1956 until his death in 1970, and promoted socialist reform and modernization * The Suez Crisis occurred during his administration, and its end, along with his strong emphasis of pan-Arab nationalism, made him a hero in the Arab world

Question 219

# Who is: Joseph Goebbels

Answer 219

* German political leader of the 20th century most noted for being Adolf Hitler's close confidant and Propaganda Minister of the Nazi government * He committed suicide when Germany's defeat became imminent

Question 220

# Who is: Idi Amin

Answer 220

* Ugandan military leader and statesman who seized power from President Milton Obote in a 1971 coup * He then served as Uganda's president until 1979, when the Uganda-Tanzania War resulted in his eventual flight to Saudi Arabia, where he died in 2003 * His rule was marked by repression and human rights abuse, and his regime has been accused of being responsible for the deaths of hundreds of thousands of people

Question 221

# Name the world historical figure(s): * Queen of Sweden in the 17th century known for her unconventional artistic and intellectual tastes * In 1654 she abdicated her throne and converted to Catholicism, and later moved to Rome, where she became a patron of the arts

Answer 221

Christina, Queen of Sweden

Question 222

# Name the world historical figure(s): * 17th and 18th-century king of Sweden who led the Swedish army in the Great Northern War * Although he earned victories early on, he eventually lost his life in 1718, leading to the temporary end of absolute monarchy in Sweden, but more importantly, to the end of the Swedish Empire

Answer 222

Charles XII of Sweden

Question 223

# Name the world historical figure(s): King of Sweden in the early 17th century, responsible for leading Sweden during the Thirty Years War and for establishing it as a European power and empire

Answer 223

Gustavus Adolphus

Question 224

# Name the world historical figure(s): * 19th-century Argentine general who played a major role in the successful South American struggle for independence from Spain * He was directly involved in the liberation of both Chile and Peru, and is seen along with Simón Bolívar as one of the liberators of Spanish South America

Answer 224

José de San Martín

Question 225

# Name the world historical figure(s): * 19th-century Chilean independence leader of Spanish and Irish descent who is regarded as one of Chile's founding fathers * Along with José de San Martín, he helped free Chile from Spanish rule in the Chilean War of Independence

Answer 225

Bernardo O'Higgins

Question 226

# Name the world historical figure(s): * The current Dalai Lama, the head monk in the Gelug branch of Tibetan Buddhism * Holding the position since he was 15 in 1950, he won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1989 and is known as a charismatic speaker who advocates for Tibetans and who emphasizes the importance of compassion and its relationship to happiness

Answer 226

The 14th Dalai Lama

Question 227

# Name the world historical figure(s): * 20th-century communist founder and leader of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, or North Korea, from its establishment in 1948 until his death in 1994 * In 1950, he invaded South Korea, beginning the Korean War, which, after American and UN intervention, ended three years later * His reign is often seen as having been an autocracy, and like his son and successor Kim Jong-il, he established in North Korea a great cult of personality

Answer 227

Kim Il-sung

Question 228

# Name the world historical figure(s): * Iranian religious and revolutionary leader of the 20th century who imposed rule by Islamic law and became Iran's dictator in 1979 following the overthrow of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi * He wished to rid Iran of foreign influences, and supported the Iranian militants who took American hostages during the Iran hostage crisis from 1979-81 * He died in 1989

Answer 228

Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

Question 229

# Name the world historical figure(s): * English soldier of the 20th century, known as Lawrence of Arabia * Led a rebellion of Arabs against the Turks in World War I, later depicting the experience in his book *Seven Pillars of Wisdom* * A film detailing his experiences in the war, *Lawrence of Arabia*, came out in 1962

Answer 229

T.E. Lawrence

Question 230

# Name the world historical figure(s): * 18th and 19th-century Ottoman military leader who became the head of Sudan and Egypt * Considered the founder of modern Egypt, he made many economic and military reforms and established a dynasty that would last until the Egyptian Revolution of 1952

Answer 230

Muhammad Ali of Egypt

Question 231

# Name the world historical figure(s): * Egyptian revolutionary and statesman of the 20th century who contributed to the overthrow of the Muhammad Ali Dynasty in the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 * Succeeded Gamal Abdel Nasser as President of Egypt in 1970, and negotiated the Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty, which was unpopular to many Arabs and led ultimately to his assassination in 1981

Answer 231

Anwar Sadat

Question 232

# Name the world historical figure(s): 20th-century Ottoman military officer who fought in the Balkan Wars and World War I and was a leader of the Young Turk revolution

Answer 232

Enver Pasha

Question 233

# Name the world historical figure(s): * Ethiopia's leader (as regent and then emperor) from 1916 to 1974, and one of the most significant figures in African history * He was revered as a messiah of the Rastafari movement, and he was a promoter of collective security at the international level

Answer 233

Haile Selassie I

Question 234

# Name the world historical figure(s): * South African Anglican bishop most famous for his human rights activism and opposition to apartheid * A recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1984, he has campaigned over the years to fight against illness, poverty, racism, and sexism * He was the first black South African Archbishop of Cape Town

Answer 234

Desmond Tutu

Question 235

# Name the world historical figure(s): * South African and British Commonwealth statesman and military leader who served twice as South Africa's Prime Minister * He is most known for playing an instrumental role in the establishment of the League of Nations, and later called for the creation of the UN * He served in both World Wars, and was also the only person to sign the peace treaties ending both of the wars

Answer 235

Jan Smuts

Question 236

# Name the world historical figure(s): 15th and 16th-century religious leader and Sikh Guru who founded the religion of Sikhism

Answer 236

Guru Nanak

Question 237

# Name the world historical figure(s): * 20th-century political figure who was the Shah of Persia and the last King of Iran * The Shah was a secular Muslim who promoted modernization and recognized Israel, and he was overthrown in 1979 in the Iranian Revolution * He died in 1980 while in exile in Egypt, having been granted asylum by President Anwar Sadat

Answer 237

Mohammad Reza Pahlavi

Question 238

# Name the world historical figure(s): * Egyptian colonel and statesman who overthrew the monarchy of Egypt and Sudan in the Revolution of 1952 * He was the second President of Egypt from 1956 until his death in 1970, and promoted socialist reform and modernization * The Suez Crisis occurred during his administration, and its end, along with his strong emphasis of pan-Arab nationalism, made him a hero in the Arab world

Answer 238

Gamal Abdel Nasser

Question 239

# Name the world historical figure(s): * German political leader of the 20th century most noted for being Adolf Hitler's close confidant and Propaganda Minister of the Nazi government * He committed suicide when Germany's defeat became imminent

Answer 239

Joseph Goebbels

Question 240

# Name the world historical figure(s): * Ugandan military leader and statesman who seized power from President Milton Obote in a 1971 coup * He then served as Uganda's president until 1979, when the Uganda-Tanzania War resulted in his eventual flight to Saudi Arabia, where he died in 2003 * His rule was marked by repression and human rights abuse, and his regime has been accused of being responsible for the deaths of hundreds of thousands of people

Answer 240

Idi Amin

Question 241

# Who is: Ban Ki-moon

Answer 241

South Korean diplomat and the current (and 8th) Secretary-General of the United Nations, having succeeded Kofi Annan in 2007

Question 242

# Who is: Ashoka

Answer 242

* Indian emperor of the 4th and 3rd centuries B.C. who ruled almost all of the Indian subcontinent * After the destructive Kalinga War, he converted to Buddhism and contributed to the expansion of Buddhism as a world religion

Question 243

# Who is: Ramesses the Great

Answer 243

Ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the 13th century B.C. who is often considered the most powerful pharaoh of the Egyptian Empire

Question 244

# Who is: Buddha

Answer 244

* Siddhartha Gautama, a prince born in the 6th Century B.C.E. in what is now Nepal, and the founder of Buddhism * He is said to have achieved enlightenment under the Bodhi tree in Bodh Gaya, India, still a major pilgrimage site for Buddhists today

Question 245

# Who is: Jesus of Nazareth

Answer 245

* A prophet of the first century and the central figure of Christianity * As a man he is said to have traveled throughout Palestine with the Twelve Apostles, healing the sick, performing miracles, and teaching the word of God * Although he had many followers, he also made enemies for his claims of being the Messiah * He was betrayed by Judas Iscariot and crucified by Roman authorities

Question 246

# Who is: Muhammad

Answer 246

* The founding prophet of Islam, born in Mecca (a town in modern-day Saudi Arabia) around the year 570 * It is believed that the Quran, the central text of Islam, was dictated to him by an angel sent from God

Question 247

# Who is: Tutankhamun

Answer 247

* Believed to be the son of the pharaoh Akhenaten, an Egyptian pharaoh who ruled in the 14th century B.C. * Although his reign was brief and unimportant, the 1922 discovery of his intact tomb is one of the greatest archaeological finds in history * Known commonly as King Tut, his burial mask is a popular symbol of Ancient Egypt

Question 248

# Who is: Moses

Answer 248

* Religious leader who is considered an important prophet in Judaism, Christianity, Islam, and various other religious faiths * An Israelite (Hebrew), he is said to have been born in Egypt * After fleeing from Egypt as a man, he was spoken to by God, who ordered him to return to Egypt and liberate the Hebrews * Following the Plagues of Egypt and the release of the Israelites, he led his people on the Exodus across the Red Sea * After receiving the Ten Commandments from God, he and his followers wandered the desert for 40 years before he died upon seeing the Promised Land

Question 249

# Who are: The Patriarchs

Answer 249

The founding fathers of the Israelites in the Old Testament, consisting of Isaac, Abraham, Jacob, and the sons of Jacob

Question 250

# Who is: Zoroaster

Answer 250

Prophet and founder of Zoroastrianism, an ancient religion founded some time before the 6th century B.C. and formerly one of the world's largest religions

Question 251

# Who is: Maimonides

Answer 251

* Medieval Jewish philosopher of the 12th and 13th centuries * Born in modern-day Spain, he served as a rabbi and physician in Egypt and Morocco, and is considered one of the preeminent scholars of the Torah

Question 252

# Who is: Hatshepsut

Answer 252

Ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the 16th and 15th centuries B.C. who is arguably the most famous and successful of the female rulers of Egypt

Question 253

# Who is: Thutmose III

Answer 253

* Successor to his stepmother, Hatshepsut, as pharaoh of Egypt in the 15th century B.C. * Under him the Egyptian Empire grew larger than it had ever been

Question 254

# Who is: Khufu

Answer 254

Egyptian pharaoh of the 26th century B.C., most famous for having allegedly built the Great Pyramid of Giza

Question 255

# Who is: Nefertiti

Answer 255

* Chief consort and wife to the Egyptian pharaoh Akhenaten in the 14th century B.C. * Her bust is one of the most famous surviving artifacts of Ancient Egypt

Question 256

# Who is: Akhenaten

Answer 256

* Pharaoh of Egypt in the 14th century B.C., believed to be the father of King Tut * He is most famous for abandoning traditional Egyptian religion and worshipping one god only, Aten, a solar deity or sun disc * Traditional polytheism was restored, however, in the years following his death

Question 257

# Who is: Cyrus the Great

Answer 257

Emperor of the 6th century B.C. who founded the Achaemenid Persian Empire, an Iranian empire in Western Asia that would at one point be the largest empire the world had ever seen

Question 258

# Who is: Thales

Answer 258

* Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher and mathematician of the 7th and 6th centuries B.C. * He is noted for having attempted to explain natural phenomena without referring to mythology * For this rejection of mythological explanations, as well as for his use of deductive reasoning, geometry, and hypotheses, he is credited with having laid the groundwork for the scientific revolution

Question 259

# Who is: Qin Shi Huang

Answer 259

* Chinese ruler of the 3rd century B.C. who was the king of the State of Qin and later the first emperor of a unified China * He instituted many economic and social reforms, and is known for building large portions of the Great Wall of China, as well as his own enormous mausoleum, guarded by thousands of terracotta sculptures of soldiers

Question 260

# Name the world historical figure(s): South Korean diplomat and the current (and 8th) Secretary-General of the United Nations, having succeeded Kofi Annan in 2007

Answer 260

Ban Ki-moon

Question 261

# Name the world historical figure(s): * Indian emperor of the 4th and 3rd centuries B.C. who ruled almost all of the Indian subcontinent * After the destructive Kalinga War, he converted to Buddhism and contributed to the expansion of Buddhism as a world religion

Answer 261

Ashoka

Question 262

# Name the world historical figure(s): Ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the 13th century B.C. who is often considered the most powerful pharaoh of the Egyptian Empire

Answer 262

Ramesses the Great

Question 263

# Name the world historical figure(s): * Siddhartha Gautama, a prince born in the 6th Century B.C.E. in what is now Nepal, and the founder of Buddhism * He is said to have achieved enlightenment under the Bodhi tree in Bodh Gaya, India, still a major pilgrimage site for Buddhists today

Answer 263

Buddha

Question 264

# Name the world historical figure(s): * A prophet of the first century and the central figure of Christianity * As a man he is said to have traveled throughout Palestine with the Twelve Apostles, healing the sick, performing miracles, and teaching the word of God * Although he had many followers, he also made enemies for his claims of being the Messiah * He was betrayed by Judas Iscariot and crucified by Roman authorities

Answer 264

Jesus of Nazareth

Question 265

# Name the world historical figure(s): * The founding prophet of Islam, born in Mecca (a town in modern-day Saudi Arabia) around the year 570 * It is believed that the Quran, the central text of Islam, was dictated to him by an angel sent from God

Answer 265

Muhammad

Question 266

# Name the world historical figure(s): * Believed to be the son of the pharaoh Akhenaten, an Egyptian pharaoh who ruled in the 14th century B.C. * Although his reign was brief and unimportant, the 1922 discovery of his intact tomb is one of the greatest archaeological finds in history * Known commonly as King Tut, his burial mask is a popular symbol of Ancient Egypt

Answer 266

Tutankhamun

Question 267

# Name the world historical figure(s): * Religious leader who is considered an important prophet in Judaism, Christianity, Islam, and various other religious faiths * An Israelite (Hebrew), he is said to have been born in Egypt * After fleeing from Egypt as a man, he was spoken to by God, who ordered him to return to Egypt and liberate the Hebrews * Following the Plagues of Egypt and the release of the Israelites, he led his people on the Exodus across the Red Sea * After receiving the Ten Commandments from God, he and his followers wandered the desert for 40 years before he died upon seeing the Promised Land

Answer 267

Moses

Question 268

# Name the world historical figure(s): The founding fathers of the Israelites in the Old Testament, consisting of Isaac, Abraham, Jacob, and the sons of Jacob

Answer 268

The Patriarchs

Question 269

# Name the world historical figure(s): Prophet and founder of Zoroastrianism, an ancient religion founded some time before the 6th century B.C. and formerly one of the world's largest religions

Answer 269

Zoroaster

Question 270

# Name the world historical figure(s): * Medieval Jewish philosopher of the 12th and 13th centuries * Born in modern-day Spain, he served as a rabbi and physician in Egypt and Morocco, and is considered one of the preeminent scholars of the Torah

Answer 270

Maimonides

Question 271

# Name the world historical figure(s): Ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the 16th and 15th centuries B.C. who is arguably the most famous and successful of the female rulers of Egypt

Answer 271

Hatshepsut

Question 272

# Name the world historical figure(s): * Successor to his stepmother, Hatshepsut, as pharaoh of Egypt in the 15th century B.C. * Under him the Egyptian Empire grew larger than it had ever been

Answer 272

Thutmose III

Question 273

# Name the world historical figure(s): Egyptian pharaoh of the 26th century B.C., most famous for having allegedly built the Great Pyramid of Giza

Answer 273

Khufu

Question 274

# Name the world historical figure(s): * Chief consort and wife to the Egyptian pharaoh Akhenaten in the 14th century B.C. * Her bust is one of the most famous surviving artifacts of Ancient Egypt

Answer 274

Nefertiti

Question 275

# Name the world historical figure(s): * Pharaoh of Egypt in the 14th century B.C., believed to be the father of King Tut * He is most famous for abandoning traditional Egyptian religion and worshipping one god only, Aten, a solar deity or sun disc * Traditional polytheism was restored, however, in the years following his death

Answer 275

Akhenaten

Question 276

# Name the world historical figure(s): Emperor of the 6th century B.C. who founded the Achaemenid Persian Empire, an Iranian empire in Western Asia that would at one point be the largest empire the world had ever seen

Answer 276

Cyrus the Great

Question 277

# Name the world historical figure(s): * Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher and mathematician of the 7th and 6th centuries B.C. * He is noted for having attempted to explain natural phenomena without referring to mythology * For this rejection of mythological explanations, as well as for his use of deductive reasoning, geometry, and hypotheses, he is credited with having laid the groundwork for the scientific revolution

Answer 277

Thales

Question 278

# Name the world historical figure(s): * Chinese ruler of the 3rd century B.C. who was the king of the State of Qin and later the first emperor of a unified China * He instituted many economic and social reforms, and is known for building large portions of the Great Wall of China, as well as his own enormous mausoleum, guarded by thousands of terracotta sculptures of soldiers

Answer 278

Qin Shi Huang