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Walter The-Cat
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Decks in this class (133)
Digestive System Overview
Two basic functions of the digest...,
Crossing from the lumen through a...,
All mucosa have some ___________ ...
21
cards
Upper GI Histology
Parietal cells produce what two t...,
On their basolateral sides the pa...,
The part of the gi tract that has...
25
cards
Motility Disorders of the GI Tract
Broadly what causes motility diso...,
Achalasia is __________________,
Progressive systemic sclerosis pr...
30
cards
Lower GI Histology with Accessory Organs
What is the food bolus called whe...,
What small intestine cells contai...,
Brunners glands are found only in...
17
cards
GI Motility and Regulation
Describe the movement of segmenta...,
Review the mechanism of smooth mu...,
Smooth muscle cells are held toge...
23
cards
GI Secretion and Digestion
The _____________ uses more energ...,
What are the functions of stomach...,
How does the stomach protect itse...
23
cards
GI Digestion and Absorption
About ______ percent of proteins ...,
Luminal peptidases and brush bord...,
Intracellular peptidases within e...
30
cards
Diseases of the Upper GI: Pathophysiology of the Esophagus
The medical term for swallowing i...,
What happens in the oropharynx wh...,
How many times do we swallow per day
20
cards
Diseases of the Upper GI: Pathology of the Esophagus
The stratum basalis should not be...,
Sticking of pills can cause _____...,
What are some causes of esophagitis
21
cards
Diseases of the Upper GI: Stomach
Solid emptying is mediated by ___...,
The ___________ glands are in the...,
What three pathways stimulate aci...
30
cards
Diseases of the Upper GI: Pathology of the Stomach and Small Bowel
A three week old infant presents ...,
Stress related mucosal disease mo...,
In general ______________ disease...
20
cards
Pathophysiology of the Exocrine Pancreas
In addition to making the pancrea...,
Describe the differences between ...,
The most common worldwide cause o...
30
cards
Upper GI Pharmacology
Octreotide is a _________________,
Give the mnemonics for cyp induce...,
The mechanism of this drug is blo...
20
cards
Small Group: Diseases of the Upper GI
What three foods are known to cau...,
_________ has been known to worse...,
The squamocolumnar transition lin...
12
cards
Diseases of the Small Bowel
The longest part of the small int...,
The surface area of the small int...,
What are the signs symptoms seque...
38
cards
Diseases of the Colon
True or false there are villi in ...,
What symptoms are suggestive of ibd,
__________ can be helpful in diag...
39
cards
Diseases of the Lower GI: Pathology
What is the specific molecule in ...,
Loss of the villar surface is a r...,
There are two clinical presentati...
32
cards
Pathophysiology of the Gall Bladder and Biliary Tree
What are the two functions of the...,
Gallstones almost always develop ...,
What are gallstones most commonly...
20
cards
Pathology of the Gall Bladder and Exocrine Pancreas
90 of _________ is due to choleli...,
80 of gallstones are _________,
90 of cholecystitis occurs due to...
13
cards
Small Group: Diseases of the Lower GI
What is dgp,
True or false all people with tis...,
Ultimately gluten sensitivity is ...
8
cards
Lower GI Pharmacology
Ctz in the context of vomiting st...,
The output vomiting center is in ...,
What drugs are good for treating ...
25
cards
Introduction to Infectious Disease: Diarrhea
What are the top two causes of de...,
The non inflammatory vs inflammat...,
In terms of stool composition how...
19
cards
Radiologic Studies of the GI Tract
What can cause small bowel obstru...,
Why is there an increased risk of...,
In the lateral decubitus position...
23
cards
Exocrine Pancreas and Salivary Gland Physiology
What are the components of saliva...,
Describe the anatomy of the saliv...,
Which two ganglia receive pns inp...
28
cards
Pediatric Gastrointestinal Diseases and Developmental Defects
True or false ibd crohns and heli...,
Just note that this lecturer said...,
Tracheo esophageal fistulas have ...
24
cards
GI Polyps and Carcinoma
Polyp comes from the greek for __...,
True or false adenomas dont need ...,
The two main categories of histol...
23
cards
Small Group: Diseases of the Gallbladder and Exocrine Pancreas
Serum lipase greater than 3x norm...,
Why is lipase a better indicator ...,
Hypercalcemia can cause what panc...
10
cards
Functional Histology of the Liver
The surrounding capsule around th...,
The hilum of the liver is called ...,
The hepatic portal vein carries a...
22
cards
Pediatric Liver Disease
Heme gets metabolized to ________...,
In the liver unconjugated indirec...,
The most common cause of neonatal...
27
cards
Pathophysiology Case-Based Review
Patients with gerd should eat ___...,
The best way to diagnose neurolog...,
Those with choledocholithiasis wi...
10
cards
Pathology Case-Based Review
Under biopsy herpes simplex virus...,
True or false ulcerative colitis ...,
Although the lesions seen in ____...
12
cards
Viral and Non-Viral Liver Disease
The liver has a high ____________...,
What does the story of prometheus...,
The lobules are divided into thre...
55
cards
Small Group: GI Tumors
Is fobt adequate as a screening t...,
What serum marker should be monit...,
Carcinoid syndrome presents with ...
7
cards
Functional Liver Tests and Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis
Alt and ast elevation indicates _...,
Elevation of bilirubin and alkali...,
The most common causes of chronic...
48
cards
Oral Healthcare Issues in Clinical Practice
Enamel is superficial to ________...,
The _______________ binds teeth t...,
How many teeth are included in th...
26
cards
Cirrhosis
The histologic characterization o...,
There are two kinds of cirrhosis ...,
Hypertrophy of which liver lobe i...
41
cards
Complications of Liver Disease
True or false a biopsy of someone...,
There are two types of hepatorena...,
What things are needed for a diag...
10
cards
GI Tract and Systemic Immunity
An uncommitted t cell is given th...,
One activated t helper cell becom...,
Which five main cells can th0 cel...
23
cards
GI Histology and Physiology Review
Vasoactive intestinal peptide vip...,
Atp is a ____________,
Acetylcholine and substance p are...
9
cards
Small Group: Hepatitis and Acute Liver Injury
Which lobe of the liver is usuall...,
The ______________ ligament divid...,
True or false kupffer cells exist...
20
cards
Pathophysiology Case-Based (2)
What is a mesocaval shunt,
Why is a tips or mesocaval shunt ...,
What are two serum markers of aut...
18
cards
Pathology Case-Based Review (2)
What are the two kinds of drug in...,
What kind of necrosis does acetam...,
Acute hcv is ___________
16
cards
Small Group: Cirrhosis and Chronic Liver Injury
What percent of those with chroni...,
Endothelialization in hcc cross s...,
Histologically how can you distin...
5
cards
Pathoma: Exocrine Pancreas
What is annular pancreas,
What kinds of necrosis occur in a...,
Hyper ____________ and hyper ____...
10
cards
Exam 1 Review
The big difference between the du...,
The muscles that stimulate the se...,
True or false ultrasound cannot d...
8
cards
Overview of Biochemical Pathways
In your self monitoring assessmen...,
The basal metabolic rate encompas...,
The basal metabolic rate range is...
19
cards
Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism
True or false there is a storage ...,
The bodys largest storage ability...,
The average 70 kg person has ____...
17
cards
Glycolysis and TCA Cycle
What determines the direction thr...,
Glycolysis begins with _________,
Per dr benessen what are the thre...
55
cards
Oxidative Phosphorylation and Gluconeogenesis
What are km and vmax,
There are two ways that an enzyme...,
What intracellular mechanism is c...
51
cards
Glycogen and Pentose Phosphate Pathway
Muscle can burn either _________,
Glucagon and epinephrine lead to ...,
Glycogen phosphorylase kinase and...
15
cards
Insulin, Glucagon, GLP-1, and Counter-Regulatory hormones
There are three types of endocrin...,
There are two kinds of hormones _...,
Insulin is secreted as _________ ...
21
cards
Feeding and Fasting With Cases
You cannot turn fat into __________,
What inhibits pyruvate kinase thi...,
The only tissue that contains gly...
4
cards
Living With Diabetes
Compare the differences between t...,
Review the diagnostic criteria fo...,
Hba1c is determined by the averag...
5
cards
Pathophysiology of Type 1 Diabetes
The pancreas is a _________ perit...,
What fasting labs and oral glucos...,
An hba1c greater than or equal to...
21
cards
Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes
What percent of the us population...,
How much glucose is made and abso...,
There is about _____ grams of glu...
21
cards
Diabetes Complications
One of every ________ healthcare ...,
The leading causes of death in th...,
If you have diabetes and youve ne...
22
cards
Treatment of Diabetes – Insulin
How many units of insulin does th...,
Type 2 diabetics typically lose w...,
Which glucose channel is constitu...
24
cards
Treatment of Diabetes – Oral Agents
Intensive glucose control has bee...,
Recombinant human insulin was fir...,
What diabetes drug is an alpha gl...
37
cards
Dietary Carbohydrates
What is glycemic index,
What is a major limitation of the...,
The best studies for evaluating t...
14
cards
Case-Based Review of Carbohydrate Metabolism
What clinical differences are mos...,
How can you clinically distinguis...,
What happens in debranching enzym...
15
cards
Small Group: Type I and II Diabetes
What are diagnostic tests for dia...,
What tests might you order in a n...,
Many people argue that type 2 dia...
17
cards
Overview of Lipid Biochemistry
Fatty acids are categorized as ei...,
What is triglycerol,
Explain how fatty acids are a par...
24
cards
Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids
What is the starting material for...,
True or false acetyl co a is only...,
In the cytosol acetyl co a gets c...
28
cards
Fatty Acid Oxidation
What are the two most common diso...,
True or false all fatty acids nee...,
What inhibits carnitine acetyltra...
29
cards
Complex Lipids & Cholesterol Biochemistry
Cholesterol concentration is high...,
____________ synthesize cholesterol,
In addition to synthesis hepatocy...
22
cards
Lipoprotein Physiology
Describe the makeup of lipoprotein,
List the types of lipoproteins fr...,
List the ratio of triglyceride to...
26
cards
Fat and Carbohydrate: Exercise Physiology
A lot of training involves becomi...,
Six amino acids can be ___________,
When exercise begins _________ is...
11
cards
Inborn Errors 1 & 2: Hypoglycemia and Disorders of Fat Utilization
How can you differentiate defects...,
What is the whipples triad defini...,
Where does blood glucose come fro...
31
cards
Dyslipidemias: Clinical Features and Evaluation
How is ldl calculated,
The average level of ldl in ameri...,
Use of statins and the subsequent...
17
cards
Treatment of Dyslipidemias
When triglycerides are high _____...,
Describe briefly the recommendati...,
This is important with each doubl...
17
cards
Dietary Fats
Which is the bad kind of omega acid,
The relationship between choleste...,
Animal studies show that intake o...
15
cards
Case-Based Review of Lipid Metabolism
True or false fat oxidation prece...,
Geranyl is an intermediate in the...,
True or false thyroid hormone com...
12
cards
Overview of Protein Biochemistry
What are essential amino acids,
Conditionally essential amino aci...,
The amino acid ______ is used to ...
13
cards
Protein Biochemistry 1
What amino acid repeats are found...,
Three individual units of _______...,
While the importance of 4 hydroxy...
21
cards
Protein Biochemistry 2
The relative directionality of th...,
Because ___________ is toxic glut...,
The enzyme _____________ is locat...
19
cards
Protein Biochemistry 3
When in the disulfide form cystei...,
Why would it be disadvantageous t...,
The first step in methionine degr...
26
cards
Purine, Pyrimidine, and Nucleotide Metabolism - Parts 1 & 2
___________ have two rings,
Compare and contrast the starting...,
The form of __________ in the mit...
27
cards
Inborn Errors: Amino Acid Metabolism and Urea Cycle Defects
Of the disorders discussed in lec...,
Who was the first doctor to reali...,
What is the bacterial inhibition ...
47
cards
Inborn Errors: Glycolipid Disorders
Most lysosomal storage disorders ...,
Clinically cherry red spots in th...,
A patient presents with burning o...
20
cards
Hospital-Based Nutrition
It is irrelevant to this lecture ...,
After how many days of fasting do...,
What things should you ask about ...
21
cards
Introduction to Nutrition
Studies suggest that we could hav...,
Surveys show that physicians only...,
Research shows that only about __...
12
cards
Dietary Guidelines
What are the five major principle...,
What is the current dga recommend...,
The food group from which most ca...
5
cards
Eating Disorders
Currently there is no ________ re...,
Age of onset of eating disorders ...,
Overuse of laxatives decreases ca...
12
cards
Fat Soluble Vitamins
All of the water soluble vitamins...,
There are two sources of vitamin ...,
__________ spots are pathognomoni...
24
cards
Water Soluble Vitamins
The only water soluble vitamin th...,
True or false high levels of wate...,
Riboflavin is also known as _____
31
cards
Micronutrients: Trace Elements
Eleven elements account for _____...,
The most critical period of brain...,
The body contains about ______ gr...
29
cards
Malnutrition
What is marasmus,
Describe the features of kwashiorkor,
Cachexia is associated with _____...
14
cards
Case Discussion: Vitamins and Micronutrients
One of the main causes of b12 def...,
___________ deficiency can cause ...,
What is the prognosis of b12 defi...
10
cards
International Nutrition
Why is weight for age not a good ...,
Exclusive breastfeeding is recomm...,
What is the concept of the first ...
9
cards
Adult Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome
List the categorization of bmi,
Between men and women men have __...,
What waist sizes have been shown ...
16
cards
Obesity Treatment: Diet and Physical Activity
Typically surgery is reserved for...,
Weight bias research has shown th...,
In surveys people respond best to...
15
cards
Regulation of Energy Intake and Body Weight Reduction
What are some facts that support ...,
What is thought to be the main me...,
Catabolic pathways ___________ hu...
18
cards
Small Group: Lipids and Obesity Cases
What are the four categories of p...,
What is combined dyslipidemia,
How do fibrates work
10
cards
Pediatric Obesity: Health Implications
Bmi is less specific for ________...,
Severely obese children have a bm...,
___________ a sign on the bmi cha...
19
cards
Obesity Treatment: Drugs, Surgical Options, and Popular Diets
Not related to this lecture at 62...,
When counseling a patient on medi...,
One common reason people dont tak...
24
cards
Nutritional Counseling for Behavior Change
Per dr bessesen what are the key ...,
The goal of counseling is to push...,
Describe the health belief model
8
cards
Review of Protein Biochemistry and Nutrition
Glutamate is converted to alpha k...,
What does sarcopenic mean,
A child who has 3rd percentile he...
8
cards
Supplements in Metabolic Disease
What percent of people didnt repo...,
What age group has the highest ra...,
What are the most commonly used i...
30
cards
Endocrine Histology and Embryology
The _____________ have fenestrate...,
The posterior pituitary hangs on ...,
The anterior pituitary is also ca...
36
cards
Hormones and Receptors
Once again somatostatin is releas...,
What paracrine function does soma...,
Hormones can be autocrine paracri...
15
cards
Hypothalamic Control of the Pituitary Gland
What six hormones act on the ante...,
List the effects of each of the h...,
Describe how prolactin hormone works
10
cards
Pituitary Hormone Function (GH/PRL)
Growth hormone is produced by ___...,
Growth hormone binds to what kind...,
What does growth hormone do
17
cards
Pituitary Dysfunction
What stimulates the release of gr...,
What suppresses the release of gr...,
Disorders in the hpa axis can be ...
36
cards
Hypothalamic and Pituitary Imaging
The standard imagining for hypoth...,
In coronal sections the hypophysi...,
The adenohypophysis appears _____...
10
cards
Pituitary Pathology
Why is the posterior pituitary ca...,
The anterior pituitary has what h...,
The ____________ pituitary does n...
19
cards
Surgical Approach to Pituitary Tumors
What four symptoms arise from the...,
Surgery is the preferred first li...
2
cards
Hypothalamic and Pituitary Pharmacology
Growth hormone somatotrophin is g...,
In those with acromegaly who do n...,
Somatostatin activates a ________...
15
cards
Small Group: Pituitary Disorders
Prolactin inhibits the release of...,
What are the two main gonadotropins,
Spermatogenesis is stimulated by ...
7
cards
Adrenal Gland Physiology
The cortex is divided into four z...,
The mineralocorticoids are produc...,
The glucocorticoids are produced ...
32
cards
Adrenal Disorders
Primary adrenal insufficiency res...,
Secondary adrenal insufficiency r...,
_____________ is also called auto...
35
cards
Adrenal Pharmacology
The most common cause of secondar...,
Among steroids the ___________ ef...,
Which two steroids of the ones li...
13
cards
Small Groups: Adrenal Disorders
One of the features that makes it...,
High levels of what molecule sugg...,
A very high dhea level suggests _...
10
cards
Regulation of Thyroid Hormone Synthesis
Thyroid hormone is a _________ de...,
The skeleton of thyroid hormone i...,
The thyroid hormone is made hydro...
24
cards
Thyroid Dysfunction
Which deiodinase deactivates t4,
What can promote a shift to type ...,
What percent of t4 is free
14
cards
Thyroid Nodules: Clinical, Pathologic and Pathophysiologic Correlates
Thyroid nodules are present in ab...,
The risk of thyroid cancer develo...,
What is the most common malignant...
15
cards
Thyroid Radiology
Describe the role of x rays in th...,
The best modality to detect and d...,
The thyroid normally appears slig...
9
cards
Congenital Hypothyroidism
The ___________ is the first endo...,
What are the two embryonic origin...,
The thyroid originates from endod...
22
cards
Thyroid Pharmacology
Thyroid hormones are best absorbe...,
Levothyroxine should be taken on ...,
What impairs the absorption of le...
24
cards
Endocrine Disorders and Psychiatric Illness
Those with bipolar disorder are a...,
Those with ____________ are 2 3 t...,
Cushings can present with which p...
14
cards
Evaluation of Worrisome Growth
What parameters define worrisome ...,
Kids usually grow about ________ ...,
From year one to four kids grow a...
28
cards
Small Group: Interpretation of Growth Charts
The _______________ hair often th...,
Why do stimulants cause weight loss,
Undernutrition can cause low valu...
3
cards
Small Group: Thyroid Disorders
What are signs and symptoms of hy...,
In most cases hyperthyroidism can...,
Graves disease is treated with __...
10
cards
Control of Mineral Metabolism
Name three functions of calcium,
In low calcium states cells becom...,
Calcium is ___________ absorbed
22
cards
Dietary Calcium
You require at least __________ p...,
What mineral is in bone,
Calcium is absorbed by two ways _...
26
cards
Disorders of Calcium Metabolism
Pth increases serum calcium by fo...,
What is the major storage form of...,
What enzyme in the kidney activat...
34
cards
Osteoporosis and Other Metabolic Bone Disorders
What happens first in bone remode...,
Osteoblasts secrete _______________,
Where do osteocytes come from
33
cards
Pharmacology of Parathyroid & Metabolic Bone Disorders
Cholecalciferol is the __________...,
Vitamin d ___________ the release...,
The major effect of estrogen on b...
18
cards
Small Group: Parathyroid and Metabolic Bone Disorders
Increased cl po4 ratio suggests _...,
The parathyroids of someone with ...,
Hypercalcemia in a cancer patient...
6
cards
Endocrine Pathology
In general how are endocrine neur...,
The thyroid follicular cells are ...,
On histologic exam the thyroid of...
25
cards
Evidence-Based Medicine: Review of Concepts
What is evidence based medicine,
The best research evidence is ___...,
What three questions should you a...
10
cards
EBM Resources
What is picott
1
cards
Introduction to the Reproductive System: Physiology and Biochemistry
The conversion of _______________...,
Progestins are _______ carbons an...,
How many carbons are in estrogen
22
cards
Final Exam Review
How does apoplexy lead to diplopia,
Vanadium has shown efficacy in wh...,
Which pituitary cell is basophilic
12
cards
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MS2 - Digestive, Endocrine, and Metabolic Systems
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