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Jack Cuthbertson
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Decks in this class (157)
1 - Introduction to Clinical Physiology
Why would a 115 90mmhg blood pres...,
Pulse pressure,
Implications of a low pulse pressure
11
cards
2 - Introduction to Histology and BLood
How is tissue prepared for viewin...,
How is a sample fixed,
Effects of fixing sample
52
cards
3 - Connective Tissues
Three embryological germ layers,
Germ layers from which epithelium...,
Germ layers that connective tissu...
28
cards
7 - Epithelia
Two broad types of epithelia divi...,
How are glandular epithelia formed,
Epithelial cell functions 1 2 3 4 5
45
cards
Ways to Identify Medically-Relevant Bacteria
Ways in which bacteria can be ide...,
Types of microscopy used to id ba...,
How are proteomics data on bacter...
18
cards
9 - Diagnosing Infections
How to make a specific aetiologic...,
Solid phase assay,
How could the lineage of tumour c...
11
cards
10 - Cell Injury and Necrosis
Central axiom of western medicine,
Four aetiologies of necrosis,
Most important cause of necrosis
36
cards
11 - Histology - Muscles and Nerves
Types of muscle,
Size of skeletal muscle cells,
Arrangement of nuclei in skeletal...
35
cards
12 - Inflammation and Healing
Relevant examinations for inflamm...,
Inflammation,
Acute inflammation 1 2 3
25
cards
13 - Innate Immunity Components
Ways that commensals protect agai...,
Mbl mannan binding lectin ligand,
Proportion of blood proteins that...
107
cards
14 - Bones and Joints of the Back
Anatomical delineation of the back,
Proportion of skin that is on the...,
Secondary lordotic curves of the ...
44
cards
15 - Muscles and Movements of the Back
Part of spine where flexion mostl...,
Which movement increases stress o...,
What limits mobility of t spine
30
cards
16 - B Cells
Gene segments involved in heavy c...,
Gene segments involved in light c...,
Enzyme that is involved in minige...
32
cards
17 - Bacterial Pathogenesis
Bacteria which commonly have afim...,
Proportion of microbiome that is ...,
Protein that etec uses to bind to...
40
cards
18 - Introduction to Genetics
Number of base pairs in human genome,
Number of genes in mitochondrial ...,
Post encode definition of a gene
8
cards
19 - Pharmacology
Examples of non receptor targets ...,
Receptor definition,
Difference between agonist and an...
22
cards
20 - More Pharmacology
Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics,
Effect of the body on the drug
21
cards
21 - Inflammation and Healing II - Outcomes, Mediators and Healing
Mediators of acute inflammation 1...,
Mediators of vasodilation in acut...,
Mediators of increased vascular p...
27
cards
22 - Coordinated Response to Infection
How does c activate b cells,
Example of a bacterium that inhib...,
Factor released by macrophages th...
18
cards
23 - Inflammation and Healing III - Chronic Inflammation
Ways that chronic inflammation ca...,
Examples of disease processes tha...,
Macrophage appearance in histolog...
37
cards
24 - Cardiac Function and Control
For any volume of blood pressure ...,
When is compliance important in b...,
When is active pressure important...
38
cards
25 - Vascular Function and Control
Proportion of blood in systemic v...,
Proportion of blood in systemic a...,
Proportion of blood in systemic c...
29
cards
26 - Antagonism
Broad types of antagonists 1 2 3,
Factor that mostly determines pot...,
Determinant of immediate effect o...
15
cards
27 - Introduction to Pharmacokinetics
Steps of pharmacokinetics 1 2 3 4...,
Factors influencing choice of adm...,
Local vs systemic administration
39
cards
28 - Haematology - Blood and Anaemia
Paenia,
Too many red cells,
Too many white cells in blood
45
cards
29 - Haemostasis
Primary haemostasis 1 2 3,
Secondary haemostasis 1 2,
Fibrinolysis
39
cards
30 - Haemoglobin
Proportion of rbc dry weight is h...,
Proportion of body co2 carried by...,
How is variable sigmoid binding o...
40
cards
31 - Pharmacological overview of the PNS
Experiment showing that neurotran...,
Major sites for pharmacological m...,
Difference between autonomic and ...
26
cards
32 - Drugs Affecting Nervous System
Exception to the rule that sympat...,
Botulinumtoxin function,
Effect of botulism
41
cards
33 - Local Mediators and Pharmacological Modulation
Exosomes,
Why do local mediators often only...,
Three important examples of local...
29
cards
34 - Lipid Mediators
Arachidonic acid,
How does the body get arachidonic...,
Type of fat that arachidonic acid is
48
cards
35 - Aetiology and Risk Factors for CVD
Two broad types of research quest...,
Examples of descriptive studies 1...,
Examples of analytical studies 1 2 3
34
cards
36 - Blood Control and Hypertension
Short term blood pressure regulation,
Part of brain that mediates baror...,
Baroreceptor locations 1 2 3
29
cards
37 - Thoracic Walls
Tissue types in the breast 1 2 3 ...,
Anatomical delineation of breast,
Name for elongated part of breast...
60
cards
38 - Heart and Pericardium
What is the pericardial sac adher...,
What limits descent of diaphragm ...,
Name for central structure in thorax
41
cards
39 - Drugs Affecting Heart Rate, Dysrrhythmias
Parasympathetic targets on the heart,
Receptors on heart for parasympat...,
Heart response to parasympathetic...
43
cards
40 - Drugs Affecting the Cardiovascular System
Blood pressure considered chronic...,
Risk factors for hypertension,
Blood pressure considered hyperte...
46
cards
41 - Observational Studies in CVD
Cross sectional studies,
Drawbacks of cross sectional studies,
Advantages of cross sectional stu...
24
cards
42 - Cardiovascular Histology
Three layers of heart,
Epicardium,
Myocardium
44
cards
42 - Vascular Pathology
Examples of vascular diseases 1 2...,
Arteriosclerosis,
Sequelae to fibrosis of arterial ...
39
cards
43 - Consequences, Determinants of Ventricular Hypertrophy
Normal growth of the heart 1 2 3,
How is cardiac hypertrophy during...,
Factors that normal heart size de...
42
cards
44 - Cardiac Failure
Afterload,
Effect of increasing sarcomere le...,
Starling s law
36
cards
45 - Mediastinum
Mediastinum location,
Divisions of mediastinum,
Contents of anterior mediastinum
60
cards
Antimicrobials I
Difference between antibiotics an...,
Goal of semi synthetic drugs 1 2 3,
When might it be useful for a dru...
41
cards
Antimicrobials II
When are anti membrane antimicrob...,
Bonds linking rows of peptidoglycan,
Polysaccharides making up peptido...
42
cards
Antimicrobials III
Antimicrobials that bind to 30s r...,
Antimicrobials that target 50s ri...,
What does chloramphenicol target
51
cards
48 - Vascular Pathology II
Example of a factor on platelets ...,
What do platelets do when activated,
Thrombomodulin
44
cards
49 - Drugs Influencing Cardiac Structure and Function
What determines preload,
What determines afterload,
Old name for heart failure
49
cards
50 - Drugs Affecting Coagulation
Clot vs thrombus,
Factors released by activated pla...,
Mechanism of platelet activation ...
49
cards
51 - Cardiac Valve Dysfunction
Wigger n o labels,
Proportion of heartbeat that is s...,
Effect of valve stenosis 1 2 3
37
cards
52 - Cellular Adaptations (Myocardial Hypertrophy, Valve Defects)
Hypertrophy,
Which cells take the hypertrophy ...,
Hyperplasia
35
cards
53 - Clinical Trials in CVD
Why are clinical trials considere...,
Relative measures of intervention...,
Absolute measures of intervention...
15
cards
54 - Global Health
Ten determinants of global health,
Four stages of populations,
Four stages of health transition
4
cards
55 - Drugs and Kidney Function
Four roles of the kidneys,
Schematic view of the nephron,
What happens in the proximal tubu...
43
cards
56 - Cholesterol Synthesis and Lipoprotein Transport
Chemical type of cholesterol,
Function of cholesterol in cell m...,
What is cholesterol an important ...
38
cards
57 - Ischaemic Heart Disease
Examples of acute ischaemic heart...,
Examples of chronic ischaemic hea...,
Factors limiting coronary blood f...
60
cards
58 - Drug Regulation of Serum Lipids
Treatment for dyslipidaemia 1 2 3 4,
Sources of cholesterol 1 2,
Where do statins originally come ...
53
cards
59 - Ischaemic Heart Disease
Ways that the heart can increase ...,
Angina pectus,
Stable angina
47
cards
Notes on Roy's Antimicrobials Slides
Penicillins not inactivated by st...,
Is flucloxacillin effective again...,
Differing spectrum among 1st 4th ...
26
cards
60+61 - Antimicrobial Resistance III and IV
How is metronidazole targeted to ...,
How can disc susceptibility break...,
Worst thing to do when prescribin...
20
cards
62 - Anatomy of Lungs and Pleura
Parts of pleura1 2,
Pleura,
Pleural cavity
33
cards
63 - X-ray Imaging of the Thorax
Films used to image x rays,
What is an x ray measuring,
Which tissues can t be separated ...
26
cards
64 - CT Scan Imaging of the Thorax
Mechanism behind computer tomography,
Units used in ct scanning to meas...,
Range of hounsfield units between...
13
cards
65 - CF, PKU, Other Common Single-Gene Defects
Who pioneered the field of inborn...,
Genetic disease with greatest dis...,
First genetic disease to be teste...
44
cards
66 - Haemoglobinopathies
Inheritance pattern of most haemo...,
Proportion of world s population ...,
Where are alpha globin genes clus...
52
cards
68 - Immunopathology
Types of hypersensitivity,
Aspects of atopy 1 2 3,
Allergy
57
cards
69 - Drugs that Remodel the Airways
Drugs not effective for asthma or...,
Asthma definition 1 2 3 4,
Inflammation in asthma 1 2 3
54
cards
67 - Cellular and Molecular Aspects of Allergy
Where are mast cells often found,
Things that can stimulate mast ce...,
Unusual feature of itams
54
cards
70 - Clinical Trials in Respiratory Disease
Top level of nhmrc evidence,
Bottom level of nhmrc evidence,
Key marker of airway obstruction
29
cards
71 - Basic Lung Physiology
Basic functions of the lungs 1 2 3,
O2 supply given by resp system at...,
Co2 removed from body by resp sys...
35
cards
72 - Physiological Consequences of Airway Obstruction
Sensation of airflow obstruction ...,
Things that can increase load on ...,
Things that can increase the driv...
52
cards
73 - Respiratory Histology
Effect of tubinate bones,
Location of epiglottis,
Structure immediately below epigl...
66
cards
74 - Viruses 2
Eclipse period,
Latent period,
Coronavirus cell escape
3
cards
75 - URT Infections
Parts of resp tract with normal m...,
Examples of potentially pathogeni...,
Examples of potentially harmful b...
52
cards
76 - LRT Infections
Frequent aetiological agents of a...,
Frequent aetiological agent of ac...,
Symptoms of acute exacerbation of...
52
cards
77 - Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
50 packet years,
Definition of a systematic review,
Meta analysis
26
cards
78
Effects of glucocorticoids on asthma,
Things that glucocorticoids suppr...,
Mechanism of glucocorticoid recep...
43
cards
79 - The Physiological Consequences of Disruption or Destruction of the Alveolar Capillary Membrane
Number of alveoli in lungs,
Interstitium in lungs,
What is the alveolar capillary me...
42
cards
80 - Physiological Consequences of Increased Fluid Movement across Pulmonary Membranes
Features of pulmonary circulation,
Why can the pulmonary circulation...,
Pulmonary artery pressure
35
cards
81
Causes of disease,
Difference between a bronchus and...,
Acinus
48
cards
82 - Influenza
Seasonal flu symptoms,
Percentage of population infected...,
Annual consultations due to flu i...
60
cards
83 - Physiological Consequences of Elevated Pulmonary Pressure
What does airflow obstruction res...,
Abestosis,
Pathology of asbestosis
32
cards
84 - Causes and Consequences of Respiratory Centre Depression
Where is the central respiratory ...,
Effectors of respiratory centre,
Locations of chemoreceptors for b...
27
cards
85 - Pathology of Lung Infection
Most important determinant of whe...,
What causes classical pattern of ...,
Strict definition of pneumonia
40
cards
86 - Physiology of Breathlessness
What can cause a weak hoarse voice,
Effect of impinged recurrent lary...,
Definition of breathlessness
22
cards
88 - Stats Revision
How can sensitivity specificity b...,
Positive predictive value,
Negative predictive value
13
cards
89 - Venous Thrombosis and Pulmonary Thromboembolism
Most common preventable cause of ...,
Clot,
Thrombus
39
cards
TB Revision
Organs that tb can affect,
Stain used to view tb under a mic...,
Shape of tb
15
cards
90 - Anterior Abdominal Wall
Layers encountered if cutting int...,
Tissue layout of obliques and tra...,
Muscle with a free inferior edge
56
cards
91 - Posterior Abdominal Wall
Layout of posterior abdominal wall,
Proportion of people who have a p...,
Muscle inferolateral to psoas major
53
cards
92 - Neoplasia 1
Cancer deaths vs cardiovascular d...,
Age group where most cancers are ...,
Proportion of people over 85 diag...
67
cards
93 -Neoplasia 2
Emerging hallmarks of cancers 1 2...,
Pattern of mutations in cancer cells,
Pattern of mutations in cancer cells
43
cards
94 - Neoplasia 3
Four appearances of intraepitheli...,
Process that precedes many carcin...,
Most common cancers
80
cards
95 - Selective Toxicity of Drugs
Examples of selectivity 1 2 3,
Examples of antimicrobials agains...,
Sulfonamides
51
cards
96 - Sleep Physiology
What is sleep,
Why do we sleep 1 2 3 4 5 6,
Number of australians who might h...
42
cards
97 - Gastrointestinal Infections
Reasons why diarrhoea kills 1 2,
Reasons why diarrhoea kills,
Fluid moving through git in 24 hours
57
cards
98 - Gastrointestinal Infections II
When is a specific diagnosis of d...,
Appearance of a microscope slide ...,
What does presence of giardia tro...
22
cards
Abdominal Viscera 1
Length of oesophagus,
Path of oesophagus,
Why is the oesophagus constricted...
44
cards
101 - Gastrointestinal Tract
Functions of the git 1 2 3 4,
Layers of git wall 1 2 3 4,
Length of git
48
cards
100 - Abdominal Viscera 2
Quadrant occupied by the liver,
Anterior surface of the liver,
Features of diaphragmatic surface...
20
cards
102 - Peritoneum
Name for mesentery of the stomach,
Are the aorta and ivc intra or re...,
Primary function of mesentery
23
cards
103 - Vessels, Nerves, Lymphatics of the Abdomen
Where does the abdominal aorta start,
Where does the aa divide into the...,
Branches of the aa 1 2 3
47
cards
104 - Development 1
Frequency of birth defects,
Most common structural defects,
Rate of initial division of ferti...
41
cards
105 - Development 2
What does thalidomide do to embryos,
When is thalidomide prescribed,
When is thalidomide able to affec...
44
cards
106 - Gut Microbiota
Proportion of faeces that is bact...,
Type of organism that makes up th...,
Main phyla of git bacteria
28
cards
107 - Gut Microbiota II
Activation of mucosal lymphocytes...,
Predominant t cell subtype in ste...,
Proportion of intraepithelial lym...
26
cards
108 - Immunopathology
Il 1 effects 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8,
Mechanism of il 1b regulation,
Rare disease where patient develo...
17
cards
109 - Hepatitis 1
Most common hepatitis infection i...,
Australian population with a much...
2
cards
109 - Viral Hepatitis 1 and 2
Cause of jaundice,
Type of cancer that hepatitis can...,
Effect of hepatitis viruses on ho...
102
cards
110 - Eukaryotic Parasites
Parenteric hiost,
Intermediate host,
Definitive host
46
cards
111 - Eukaryotic Parasites 2
Three major types of worms,
Similarities between all helminth...,
Examples of human roundworms 1 2 3
48
cards
112 - Imaging of the Abdomen 1
What does absorption of x ray bea...,
Examples of low atomic number com...,
Why can t cartilage be seen very ...
20
cards
113 - Neural and Hormonal Control of GIT Function 1
Basic function of git 1 2 3 4 5,
Key requirements of git regulatio...,
Pacemaker cells of the enteric ne...
36
cards
114 - Drugs Affecting the GIT
Things that can stimulate gastric...,
What releases gastrin,
Effect of gastrin on parietal cells
36
cards
115 - Imaging of the Abdomen 2
Location of left and right adrenals,
Relative positions of the superio...,
Relative amounts of blood enterin...
7
cards
116 - Acute gastritis
How quickly does acute gastritis ...,
What is acute gastritis often a r...,
How does acute gastritis arise
39
cards
117 - Coeliac Disease
Definition of coeliac disease,
Prevalence of coeliac,
Hla type associated with increase...
41
cards
118 - Liver and Pancreas Histology
Functions of the liver 1 2 3 4 5 ...,
Gluconeogenesis,
Example of a metabolic waste deto...
49
cards
119 - Neuronal and Hormonal Control of the GIT 2
Effects of acid in the duodenum 1...,
Effect of somatostatin in the sto...,
Example of a disease state where ...
30
cards
120 - Digestion and Absorption
Major sites of digestion,
Polysaccharides that humans can d...,
Role of non glucose polymer polys...
44
cards
121 - Regulation of Energy Systems
Components of daily energy expend...,
Measurements of energy expenditur...,
Doubly labelled water
20
cards
122
Achalasia,
Operation performed when there ar...,
How is the duodenum often viewed
20
cards
123 - Antiemetic, Antidiarrhoeal Drugs
Example of a d2 antagonist,
Metaclopramide effects,
Is metaclopramide a reversible or...
35
cards
124 - Drug Detoxification Pathways
Type of drug that caffeine is,
Reason for having cyps 1 2 3,
Cyp dependent stage of hepatic de...
37
cards
125 - Dysplasia and Carcinoma Sequence
Biological factors that define ma...,
Morphological features that defin...,
Molecular genetic features that d...
47
cards
126
Epo signalling,
Process of erythropoiesis 1 2 3,
Outcome of erythrocytes having no...
48
cards
127 - Patterns of Liver Injury 1: Pathology of Acute Hepatitis
Definition of acute hepatitis,
Clinical features of acute hepati...,
Clinical signs of acute liver fai...
28
cards
129 - Alcohol Metabolism
Effect of ethanol on the brain,
Proportion of us population thoug...,
Alcohol dependence definition by ...
53
cards
130 - Joints of Upper Limb 1 - Shoulder Complex
Components of synovial joints 1 2...,
Consequence of having a lot of hy...,
Structure from which most pain co...
55
cards
131 - Patterns of Liver Injury 2
Conventions of nomenclature in ch...,
Nash,
Clinical definition of chronic he...
48
cards
132 - Joints of Upper Limb 2. Elbow & Radioulnar Joints
Type of joint that elbow joint it,
Type of joint that radio ulner jo...,
Part of humerus that radius artic...
41
cards
133 - Dysplasia - Carcinoma Sequence in the Colon
Precursor lesions for colorectal ...,
Predictors of increased malignant...,
Familial syndrome with a 100 risk...
55
cards
134 - Joints of Upper Limb 3. Wrist Complex & Joints of Hand
Rows of phalanges in hand 1 2 3,
Orientation of metacarpal of the ...,
Two nodular bones on thumb metaca...
57
cards
135 - Liver and Pancreatic Secretions
Where is cck produced,
Why is cck released,
Cck action 1 2 3 4
49
cards
136 - Jaundice
Where does jaundice first appear,
Plasma bilirubin concentration mu...,
Synonym for jaundice
39
cards
137 - Patterns of liver injury 3: Cirrhosis and Portal Hypertension
Autoimmune hepatitis 1 2 a b c d e,
Progression rate of autoimmune he...,
Types of autoimmune hepatitis 1 2
24
cards
138 - Advanced Pharmacokinetics
Basic aspects of pharmacokinetics,
Equation describing renal clearan...,
Renal clearance
32
cards
139 - Factors that complicate pharmacokinetics
Zero order pharmacokinetics,
Effect of low bioavailability,
Types of unusual drug behaviour 1...
44
cards
140 - Practical Use of Liver Enzymes in Diagnosing Liver Disease
Examples of liver secreted blood ...,
Breakdown of what marks cell death,
Mild appearance of damaged cells
46
cards
141 - Kidney Function I
Kidney functions123456,
Most important function of the ki...,
Why do the kidneys regulate ecf i...
52
cards
141 - 2 - Kidney Function I
What does kidney autoregulation do,
Implication of a resistance vessel,
Role of the afferent arteriole
31
cards
142 - Urinary Tract Infection
Most commonly community acquired uti,
Are utis more often bacterial or ...,
Sex in which proteus utis are mor...
47
cards
143 - Renal Histology
Ureters role,
Kidney dimensions,
Where does the ureter originate
63
cards
144 - Muscles of the Forearm
Number of muscles of the forearm,
Muscles of the anterior compartme...,
Names of forearm flexors that hav...
42
cards
145 - Kidney function, fluid and electrolyte balance 3
Osmolarity trough the kidney,
Significance of 300 miliosmols l ...,
Role of the proximal convoluted t...
36
cards
146 - Muscles of the Shoulder
Muscles attaching pectoral girdle...,
Muscles attaching pectoral girdle...,
Movements of pec major
20
cards
147 - Pathophysiology of Acute & Chronic Renal Failure
Definition of acute renal failure,
Common time course for chronic re...,
Normal gfr
57
cards
148 - Hypersensitivity 3
Two broad outcomes of type ii hyp...,
Example of tiih,
Example of a rare tiih against er...
26
cards
149 - Acid-Base Balance
Plasma buffer systems12,
Features of hco3 h h2co3 h2co3 co...,
Location of carbonic anhydrase
33
cards
150 - Glomerular Diseases
Aspects of epithelium of glomerulus,
Three cell types of glomeruli,
Basement membrane of glomerului
30
cards
151 - Tubular Damage
Normal interstitium in kindey,
Acute reason for tubular intersti...,
Chronic reason for tubular inters...
34
cards
152 - Transplants
Autograft,
Isograft,
Allograft
25
cards
153 - Hypertension
Proportion of australians over 18...,
Arbitrary definition of hypertension,
Primary essential hypertension
50
cards
154 - Imaging of the Musculoskeletal System
Names describing how light or dar...,
Metaphysis,
Elevations on bone
27
cards
155 - Imaging of the Musculoskeletal System - Upper Limb
Bonenumbers,
Arrangement of glenoid head and h...,
Relationship between humerus surg...
24
cards
156 - Kidney Function 4
Area of the kidney where paracell...,
How are cations absorbed in the t...,
Solutes particularly absorbed by ...
37
cards
157 - Adverse Drug Reactions
Risk factors for adverse drug rea...,
Examples of drugs with a low ther...,
Dose dependent adverse drug react...
33
cards
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