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AP Chemistry

This class was created by Brainscape user Anton Soloshenko. Visit their profile to learn more about the creator.

By: Anton Soloshenko
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Decks in this class (252)

An Introduction to Chemistry (1.1.1)
What does chemistry do,
Who are the professors
2  cards
The Scientific Method (1.1.2)
Hypotheses,
Scientific laws theories,
Atoms
9  cards
States of Matter (1.2.1)
What is matter,
What are the three physical types...,
What are the shapes of solids liq...
9  cards
A Word About Laboratory Safety (1.2.2)
What should be worn in a laboratory,
You should always wear protective...
2  cards
CIA Demonstration: Differences in Density Due to Temperature (1.2.3)
Density is mass divided by volume...,
Just as energetic moving dancers ...,
Hot water molecules move more rap...
4  cards
Properties of Matter (1.2.4)
The properties of matter,
Density,
Physical changes
8  cards
The Measurement of Matter (1.3.1)
A measurement is meaningless unle...,
The system international d unites...,
Some si units are based on amount...
10  cards
Precision and Accuracy (1.3.2)
Any measurement will have a degre...,
Precision is the reproducibility ...,
Accuracy is how close a measureme...
7  cards
CIA Demonstration: Precision and Accuracy with Glassware (1.3.3)
There are many types of glassware...,
Precision is the ability to repro...,
A pipet is more precise because o...
6  cards
Significant Figures (1.3.4)
The amount of uncertainty in a me...,
There are rules that indicate whi...,
The number of significant figures...
8  cards
Dimensional Analysis (1.3.5)
A conversion factor is always a f...,
Multiple conversion factors are s...,
Temperature conversions are simpl...
6  cards
Scientific (Exponential) Notation (1.4.1)
Scientific notation is an efficie...,
To add numbers in scientific nota...,
To multiply or divide numbers in ...
9  cards
Common Mathematical Functions (1.4.2)
The equation for a line and the q...,
Logarithms are useful for collaps...,
The equation for a line and the q...
4  cards
Early Discoveries and the Atom (2.1.1)
The greek philosopher democritus ...,
Dalton published his atomic theor...,
Atoms consist of protons neutrons...
9  cards
Understanding Electrons (2.1.2)
Robert millikan determined the ch...,
Today the charge of an electron i...,
Robert millikan determined the ch...
6  cards
Understanding the Nucleus (2.1.3)
Alpha particle,
Beta particle,
Gamma radiation
9  cards
Mass Spectrometry: Determining Atomic Masses (2.2.1)
Mass spectrometry can be used to ...,
Mass spectrometry data shows the ...,
The behavior of a charged particl...
7  cards
Examining Atomic Structure (2.2.2)
Isotopes of an element have the s...,
The atomic mass unit amu is a con...,
The relative atomic mass expresse...
9  cards
CIA Demonstration: Flame Colors (2.2.3)
What is an exothermic reaction,
What is gunpowder,
Ion
8  cards
Creating the Periodic Table (2.3.1)
Mendeleev organized the known ele...,
The discovery of argon posed new ...,
Arranging the elements on the per...
7  cards
Describing Chemical Formulas (2.4.1)
Atoms molecules ions ionic compou...,
Chemical formulas are a chemical ...,
Chemical formulas can be represen...
14  cards
Naming Chemical Compounds (2.4.2)
Ionic compounds are named using r...,
Most molecules non ionic compound...,
Bases are named as if they were i...
10  cards
Organic Nomenclature (2.4.3)
Alkanes,
Alkenes,
Alkynes
5  cards
An Introduction to Chemical Reactions and Equations (3.1.1)
Starting materials reactants fini...,
Reactions obey the law of conserv...,
Reactant atoms are balanced with ...
4  cards
CIA Demonstration: Magnesium and Dry Ice (3.1.2)
Magnesium readily combines with o...,
The balanced chemical equation fo...,
Magnesium readily combines with o...
4  cards
Balancing Chemical Equations (3.1.3)
In balancing a chemical equation ...,
In a balanced chemical equation a...,
Rules to balance a chemical equat...
3  cards
The Mole and Avogadro's Number (3.2.1)
The mole is a unit of measure tha...,
Avogadro s number helps to connec...,
Atoms and most molecules are far ...
4  cards
Introducing Conversions of Masses, Moles, and Number of Particles (3.2.2)
The molar mass of a substance rep...,
The molar mass of a substance can...,
The molar mass of a substance rep...
4  cards
Finding Emperical and Molecular Formulas (3.3.1)
Analysis by mass is used to deter...,
The empirical formula is the chem...,
The molecular formula is the exac...
7  cards
Stoichiometry and Chemical Equations (3.3.2)
Balanced chemical equations relat...,
Molar ratios from balanced chemic...,
Balanced chemical equations relat...
5  cards
Finding Limiting Reagents (3.3.3)
What is the limiting reagent,
When two or more reagents are com...,
Determining how much product can ...
3  cards
CIA Demonstration: Self-Inflating Hydrogen Balloons (3.3.4)
The chemical reaction of magnesiu...,
The sizes of the four balloons re...,
The chemical reaction of magnesiu...
4  cards
Theoretical Yield and Percent Yield (3.3.5)
What is theoretical yield,
Percent yield,
Theoretical yield is the maximum ...
5  cards
A Problem Using the Combined Concepts of Stoichiometry (3.3.6)
Several tools can be brought toge...,
Problem 775 g of aluminum 800 g o...
2  cards
Calculating Mass Percent (3.3.7)
The percentage of a given compone...,
The sum of the mass percentages o...,
Mass percent can be used to deter...
4  cards
Properties of Solutions (4.1.1)
A solution is composed of a solve...,
Many solutions are transparent be...,
Solutes that separate into ions i...
6  cards
CIA Demonstration: The Electric Pickle (4.1.2)
Pickles contain electrolytes that...,
The relaxation of electrons in so...,
Electrolytes are particles such a...
3  cards
Concentrations of Solutions (4.1.3)
The concentration of a solution i...,
Knowing the concentration of a so...,
Several different concentration u...
5  cards
Factors Determining Solubility (4.1.4)
Polar solutes dissolve in polar s...,
Nonpolar solutes dissolve in nonp...,
Elements on the left of the perio...
3  cards
Precipitation Reactions (4.2.1)
A precipitation reaction occurs w...,
A solubility table helps in predi...,
A precipitation reaction occurs w...
3  cards
Acid-Base Reactions (4.2.2)
Arrhenius acids increase h concen...,
Arrhenius bases increase oh conce...,
A lewis acid or base does not hav...
7  cards
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (4.2.3)
In an oxidation reduction reactio...,
An oxidation reduction reaction i...,
Oxygen is a powerful oxidizing ag...
4  cards
Acid-Base Titrations (4.3.1)
Titration is used to determine th...,
An acid base titration involves t...,
Titration is the method used to d...
5  cards
Solving Titration Problems (4.3.2)
In a redox titration moles of an ...,
Knowing the stoichiometry of a ti...,
In a redox titration moles of an ...
3  cards
Gravimetric Analysis (4.3.3)
Gravimetric analysis is a techniq...,
Gravimetric analysis is a techniq...
2  cards
Properties of Gases (5.1.1)
The molecules of a gas are very f...,
Gases are quantified using volume...,
Pressure can be measured using a ...
4  cards
Boyle's Law (5.1.2)
Boyle s law states that for a giv...
1  cards
Charles's Law (5.1.3)
Charles s law states that for a g...,
All gases theoretically go to zer...,
Charles s law states that for a g...
3  cards
The Combined Gas Law (5.1.4)
Boyle s law states that the press...,
The combined gas law states that ...,
Boyle s law states that the press...
3  cards
Avogadro's Law (5.1.5)
Avogadro s law states that at con...,
Avogadro s law states that at con...
2  cards
CIA Demonstration: The Potato Cannon (5.1.6)
The expansion of gas in a potato ...,
The expansion of gas in a potato ...
2  cards
The Ideal Gas Law (5.2.1)
The expansion of gas in a potato ...,
The ideal gas law relates the vol...,
The ideal gas law assumes that th...
4  cards
Partial Pressure and Dalton's Law (5.2.2)
Dalton s law of partial pressures...,
The partial pressure of a gas is ...
2  cards
Applications of the Gas Laws (5.2.3)
When determining the number of mo...,
Helium balloons and hot air ballo...,
Collecting a gas over water is a ...
4  cards
The Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Gases (5.2.4)
The kinetic molecular theory of g...,
By the kinetic molecular theory o...,
The pressure of a gas is the forc...
4  cards
CIA Demonstration: The Ammonia Fountain (5.2.5)
Ammonia is less soluble in boilin...,
This property is used to create a...,
A flask containing aqueous ammoni...
4  cards
Molecular Speeds (5.3.1)
The molecules in a gas have a dis...,
The root mean square speed urms i...,
The molecules in a gas have a dis...
4  cards
Effusion and Diffusion (5.3.2)
Effusion is the process by which ...,
Diffusion is the process by which...,
Effusion is the process by which ...
5  cards
Comparing Real and Ideal Gases (5.4.1)
Real gases do not always behave l...,
The van der waals equation more a...,
The ideal gas law is based on two...
5  cards
The Nature of Energy (6.1.1)
Kinetic energy ke is energy of mo...,
Thermochemistry is the study of e...,
Energy is the capacity to do work...
3  cards
Energy, Calories, and Nutrition (6.1.2)
The unit of measure for heat in c...,
Protein and carbohydrates each yi...,
Artificial sweeteners and fats gi...
4  cards
The First Law of Thermodynamics (6.1.3)
The first law of thermodynamics s...,
State functions depend only on th...,
The first law of thermodynamics s...
3  cards
Work (6.1.4)
By convention energy heat or work...,
Pv work is work performed by a ga...,
If energy flows from the surround...
3  cards
Heat (6.1.5)
Heat is a form by which energy is...,
Heat capacity c measures the amou...,
With a constant volume the change...
4  cards
CIA Demonstration: Cool Fire (6.1.6)
Heat capacity measures the amount...,
Water has a high heat capacity al...,
Heat capacity measures the amount...
3  cards
Heats of Reaction: Enthalpy (6.2.1)
Enthalpy h is the internal energy...,
H is negative for exothermic reac...,
Enthalpy h is the internal energy...
3  cards
CIA Demonstration: The Thermite Reaction (6.2.2)
The thermite reaction is a highly...,
The thermite reaction is a highly...
2  cards
Constant Pressure Calorimetry (6.3.1)
Heat is measured through a proces...,
Constant pressure calorimetry is ...,
Heat is measured through a proces...
3  cards
Bomb Calorimetry (Constant Volume) (6.3.2)
A bomb calorimeter constant volum...,
Constant volume calorimetry is us...,
A bomb calorimeter constant volum...
3  cards
Hess's Law (6.4.1)
Hess s law states that the enthal...,
State functions are independent o...,
Heat capacity c
3  cards
Enthalpies of Formation (6.4.2)
The standard enthalpy change h gi...,
The standard molar enthalpy of fo...,
Hess s law can be used to calcula...
5  cards
The Wave Nature of Light (7.1.1)
A quantum is an indivisible amoun...,
Light has wave properties includi...,
The electromagnetic spectrum is a...
6  cards
Absorption and Emission (7.1.2)
The color of light depends on the...,
An absorption spectrum is a plot ...,
An emission spectrum is a plot of...
6  cards
CIA Demonstration: Luminol (7.1.3)
The reaction of luminol with hydr...,
Luminol 3 aminophthalic acid hydr...
2  cards
The Ultraviolet Catastrophe (7.1.4)
Classical physics was unable to p...,
Max planck theorized in 1900 that...,
When an object is heated light is...
3  cards
The Photoelectric Effect (7.1.5)
Shining light on a metal ejects e...,
Albert einstein extended planck s...,
In the photoelectric effect shini...
3  cards
The Bohr Model (7.1.6)
The bohr model provided the conce...,
Bohr s model worked very well for...,
Bohr s model was inadequate for e...
16  cards
The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle (7.1.7)
One locates things by detecting t...,
The heisenberg uncertainty princi...,
One locates things by detecting t...
13  cards
The Wave Nature of Matter (7.2.1)
In 1924 de broglie postulated tha...,
Electrons produce an interference...,
Electrons are standing waves with...
16  cards
Radial Solutions to the Schrodinger Equation (7.2.2)
The solutions to schrodinger s eq...,
The square of the wave function p...,
The solutions to schrodinger s eq...
15  cards
Angular Solutions to the Schrodinger Equation (7.2.3)
The solutions to schrodinger s eq...,
The angular solutions describe th...,
The solutions to schrodinger s eq...
14  cards
Atomic Orbital Size (7.3.1)
The wave function solutions to sc...,
The 1s solution to schrodinger s ...,
The wave function solutions to sc...
13  cards
Atomic Orbital Shapes and Quantum Numbers (7.3.2)
According to the schrodinger equa...,
The value of l determines the sha...,
According to the schrodinger equa...
13  cards
Atomic Orbital Energy (7.3.3)
When an electron is infinitely se...,
For a hydrogen atom the principal...,
When an electron is infinitely se...
15  cards
Understanding Electron Spin (8.1.1)
Review of the schrodinger atom kn...,
The pauli exclusion principle ind...,
Review of the schrodinger atom el...
13  cards
Electron Shielding (8.1.2)
Every electron has a unique set o...,
Electrons further from the nucleu...,
A 2s orbital is lower in energy t...
14  cards
Electron Configurations Through Neon (8.1.3)
By the pauli exclusion principle ...,
For a given energy level in an el...,
By hund s rule one electron enter...
16  cards
Electron Configurations Beyond Neon (8.1.4)
Each orbital holds two electrons ...,
By the aufbau principle the groun...,
The periodic table is arranged in...
15  cards
Periodic Relationships (8.1.5)
The periodic table is arranged wi...,
Noble gas electron configurations...,
Groups on the periodic table tend...
15  cards
Periods and Atomic Size (8.2.1)
Atomic radii increase with increa...,
Atomic radii decrease with increa...,
Cations have smaller radii than t...
16  cards
Ionization Energy (8.2.2)
Ionization energy ie is the energ...,
Moving down a group ionization en...,
Moving across a row from left to ...
14  cards
Electron Affinity (8.2.3)
Electron affinity ea is the energ...,
Electron affinity generally incre...,
Electron affinity ea is the energ...
15  cards
An Introduction to Electronegativity (8.2.4)
Electronegativity is a parameter ...,
Due to decreasing atomic radius e...,
Due to increasing nuclear charge ...
11  cards
Hydrogen, Alkali Metals, and Alkaline Earth Metals (8.3.1)
The periodic table was constructe...,
The periodic table can be broken ...,
Elements within the same group ha...
16  cards
Transition Metals and Nonmetals (8.3.2)
Understanding the periodic table ...,
Transition metals are characteriz...,
Rare earth elements are electron ...
17  cards
Valence Electrons and Chemical Bonding (9.1.1)
Chemical bonding involves sharing...,
Lewis dot structures are a shorth...,
Elements usually react in set rat...
14  cards
Ionic Bonds (9.1.2)
Ionic compounds are composed of c...,
The born haber cycle allows for t...,
Ionic compounds are composed of c...
14  cards
CIA Demonstration: Conductivity Apparatus-Ionic versus Covalent Bonds (9.1.3)
Ionic compounds that are soluble ...,
Covalent compounds molecules do n...,
Water molecules contain polar cov...
5  cards
Lewis Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds (9.2.1)
Which of the following is the mos...,
How many valence electrons are in...,
Which two molecules are not isoel...
10  cards
Predicting Lewis Dot Structures (9.2.2)
Lewis dot structures of elements ...,
Some stable molecules or ions hav...,
Elements in the third row period ...
17  cards
Resonance Structures (9.3.1)
Resonance structures are needed w...,
Resonance structures can contribu...,
Resonance structures are needed w...
13  cards
Formal Charge (9.3.2)
The more favorable resonance stru...,
A formal charge of zero is most s...,
The connectivity of the atoms can...
15  cards
Electronegativity, Formal Charge, and Resonance (9.3.3)
Formal charge explains the extrem...,
Formal charge helps explain why s...,
Formal charge explains why some m...
14  cards
Bond Properties (9.4.1)
The greater the bond order the sh...,
Bond orders which are not integer...,
The difference in electronegativi...
17  cards
Using Bond Dissociation Energies (9.4.2)
The overall enthalpy change of a ...,
The calculated enthalpy change of...,
The overall enthalpy change of a ...
14  cards
Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion Theory (10.1.1)
Valence shell electron pair repul...,
The steric number sn describes th...,
Each steric number is associated ...
15  cards
Molecular Shapes for Steric Numbers 2-4 (10.1.2)
Knowing the lewis dot structure o...,
Molecules with a steric number of...,
Molecules with a steric number of...
14  cards
Molecular Shapes for Steric Numbers 5 & 6 (10.1.3)
Lone pairs are assigned to sites ...,
Knowing the lewis dot structure o...,
Lone pairs are assigned to sites ...
15  cards
Predicting Molecular Characteristics Using VSEPR Theory (10.1.4)
The shape of a molecule molecular...,
The net dipole moment polarity of...,
The shape of a molecule molecular...
14  cards
Molecular Shapes: The AXE Method, Part 1 (10.1.5)
Every molecule has an axe designa...,
By determining the axe designatio...,
The axe designation is a method f...
21  cards
Molecular Shapes: The AXE Method, Part 2 (10.1.6)
Every molecule has an axe designa...,
The axe designation can be used t...,
When multiple molecular structure...
26  cards
Valence Bond Theory (10.2.1)
When two atoms are in proximity t...,
Sigma bonds are formed by the end...,
Pi bonds are formed by side on ov...
15  cards
An Introduction to Hybrid Orbitals (10.2.2)
Hybridization involves mathematic...,
Hybridization of orbitals account...,
Molecules with expanded octets re...
18  cards
Pi Bonds (10.2.3)
A pi molecular orbital is a molec...,
Pi molecular orbitals are used to...,
A pi molecular orbital is a molec...
14  cards
Molecular Orbital Theory (10.2.4)
Lewis dot structures vsepr theory...,
Molecular orbital theory mo theor...,
Lewis dot structures vsepr theory...
13  cards
Applications of the Molecular Orbital Theory (10.2.5)
In molecular orbital theory mo th...,
Mo theory predicts that dinitroge...,
In molecular orbital theory mo th...
13  cards
Beyond Homonuclear Diatomics (10.2.6)
Molecules containing atoms of sim...,
Heteronuclear diatomics of very d...,
Electrons in delocalized bonds ca...
16  cards
CIA Demonstration: The Paramagnetism of Oxygen (10.2.7)
Molecular orbital theory mo theor...,
Valence bond theory has been supe...,
Bolts are aligned on a horseshoe ...
3  cards
Oxidation Numbers (11.1.1)
Oxidation numbers provide a means...,
Oxidation numbers are assigned ba...,
1 oxidation numbers must add up t...
14  cards
Balancing Redox Reactions by the Oxidation Number Method (11.1.2)
Formal charge and oxidation state...,
A reaction is balanced by assigni...,
Balancing atoms of oxygen and hyd...
14  cards
Balancing Redox Reactions Using the Half-Reaction Method (11.1.3)
In the half reaction method of ba...,
The half reactions are combined w...,
In the half reaction method of ba...
12  cards
The Activity Series of the Elements (11.1.4)
The spontaneity of a redox reacti...,
There is an inverse relationship ...,
The redox activity series relates...
8  cards
CIA Demonstration: The Reaction Between Al and Br2 (11.1.5)
The redox reaction between alumin...,
Aluminum is a strong reducing age...,
The enthalpy of formation hf for ...
5  cards
An Introduction to Intermolecular Forces and States of Matter (12.1.1)
The state of a substance depends ...,
There is a distribution of energi...,
The intermolecular forces exhibit...
4  cards
Intermolecular Forces (12.1.2)
The types of intermolecular attra...,
Molecules with dipole moments ali...,
London forces originate from the ...
4  cards
Properties of Liquids (12.2.1)
Viscosity results from intermolec...,
Surface tension is the result of ...,
Capillary action is the rise of a...
4  cards
CIA Demonstration: Boiling Water at Reduced Pressure (12.2.2)
Boiling occurs when the vapor pre...,
At low atmospheric pressure the b...
2  cards
Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point (12.2.3)
A liquid is in equilibrium with i...,
The vapor pressure curve is a plo...,
Although evaporation is a phase c...
3  cards
Molecular Structure and Boiling Point (12.2.4)
A substance boils when the vapor ...,
Knowing the intermolecular forces...,
The clausius clapeyron equation r...
3  cards
Phase Diagrams (12.2.5)
A phase diagram is useful for pre...,
At the triple point all three pha...,
The phase diagram for carbon diox...
3  cards
CIA Demonstration: Boiling Water in a Paper Cup (12.2.6)
During a phase transition tempera...,
Water can be boiled in a paper cu...
2  cards
Types of Solids (12.3.1)
Crystalline solids consist of an ...,
Crystalline solids can be metalli...,
Properties such as conductivity b...
3  cards
CIA Demonstration: The Conductivity of Molten Salts (12.3.2)
Ionic solids do not conduct elect...,
Ionic solids do not conduct elect...
2  cards
Crystal Structure (12.3.3)
A unit cell is a repeat unit that...,
X ray diffraction is a technique ...,
The bragg equation is a method fo...
3  cards
Calculating Atomic Mass and Radius from a Unit Cell (12.3.4)
Atomic mass and atomic radius can...,
In the face centered cubic fcc la...,
Simple cubic d 2rbody centered cu...
6  cards
Crystal Packing (12.3.5)
The seven primitive unit cells ca...,
The most efficient packing of ato...,
X ray diffraction is used to dete...
13  cards
Types of Solutions (13.1.1)
A solution is formed by the disso...,
Solutions can be unsaturated satu...,
Like dissolves like polar solvent...
13  cards
Molarity and the Mole Fraction (13.1.2)
Chemists use several different un...,
When finding the mole fraction of...,
When finding the molarity of a so...
12  cards
Molality (13.1.3)
Molality is a unit of concentrati...,
The density and molarity of a sol...,
Suppose that you have 0534 moles ...
12  cards
Energy and the Solution Process (13.1.4)
The solubility of a substance dep...,
Solvation requires breaking inter...,
Most solvation processes have a n...
14  cards
Temperature Change and Solubility (13.2.1)
In endothermic solvation processe...,
Supersaturated solutions contain ...,
Two solutes dissolved in the same...
13  cards
Extractions (13.2.2)
In general polar solvents dissolv...,
An extraction is a technique used...,
Which of the following best expla...
12  cards
Pressure Change and Solubility (13.2.3)
Henry s law states that the conce...,
Henry s law solute khp or pgas kh...,
Henrys law
13  cards
Vapor Pressure Lowering (13.3.1)
A colligative property is one tha...,
Raoult s law states that the vapo...,
Which statement about colligative...
12  cards
Boiling Point Elevation and Freezing Point Depression (13.3.2)
As solute is added to a solvent t...,
As more solute is added and the v...,
Mathematical relationships relati...
13  cards
Boiling Point Elevation Problem (13.3.3)
Combustion analysis can be used t...,
Boiling point elevation can provi...
2  cards
Osmosis (13.3.4)
Osmotic pressure is related to co...,
The osmotic pressure at the membr...,
Osmotic pressure is the most sens...
4  cards
Colligative Properties of Ionic Solutions (13.3.5)
The van t hoff factor is a correc...
1  cards
An Introduction to Reaction Rates (14.1.1)
The average rate for a chemical r...,
The instantaneous rate for a chem...
2  cards
Rate Laws: How the Reaction Rate Depends on Concentration (14.1.2)
The overall reaction rate can be ...,
The rate law for a reaction is an...
2  cards
Determining the Form of a Rate Law (14.1.3)
The orders of the reactants in th...,
The orders of the reactants in th...,
The value of the rate constant k ...
3  cards
First-Order Reactions (14.2.1)
The rate law for a first order re...,
The rate of a first order reactio...
2  cards
Second-Order Reactions (14.2.2)
The rate law for a second order r...,
The half life t1 2 of a second or...
2  cards
A Kinetics Problem (14.2.3)
The equations ln a t kt ln a 0 an...
1  cards
The Collision Model (14.3.1)
According to the collision model ...,
The fraction of collisions that s...,
The collision rate depends on the...
3  cards
The Arrhenius Equation (14.3.2)
The reaction rate increases as te...,
The relationship between the reac...
2  cards
Using the Arrhenius Equation (14.3.3)
The arrhenius equation can be rew...,
The arrhenius equation is useful ...,
The activation energy ea can be c...
3  cards
Defining the Molecularity of a Reaction (14.4.1)
A reaction mechanism is a series ...,
The molecularity of elementary st...
2  cards
Determining the Rate Laws of Elementary Reactions (14.4.2)
If a reaction aa bb cc dd is an e...,
The reaction rate of the overall ...,
If a proposed reaction mechanism ...
3  cards
Calculating the Rate Laws of Multi-step Reactions (14.4.3)
If a proposed reaction mechanism ...,
If the first elementary step of t...,
The rate law must be written in t...
4  cards
Steady State Kinetics (14.4.4)
In some reactions the rate determ...,
By the steady state approximation...,
Steady state approximations can b...
4  cards
Catalysts and Types of Catalysts (14.5.1)
Catalysis is the increasing of th...,
Homogeneous catalysts are in the ...,
Enzymes are biological catalysts
3  cards
A Word About Laboratory Safety (14.5.2)
You should always wear protective...
1  cards
CIA Demonstration: Elephant Shot (14.5.3)
Hydrogen peroxide undergoes a dis...,
The disproportionation of hydroge...
2  cards
CIA Demonstration: The Cobalt(II)-Catalyzed Reaction of Potassium Sodium Tartrate (14.5.4)
A catalyst is a substance which d...,
Although a catalyst may change fo...
2  cards
CIA Demonstration: The Copper-Catalyzed Decomposition of Acetone (14.5.5)
A glowing hot penny catalyzes the...
1  cards
The Concept of Equilibrium (15.1.1)
Chemical equilibrium is a type of...,
If a chemical equilibrium is disr...,
The equilibrium constant k reflec...
3  cards
The Law of Mass Action and Types of Equilibrium (15.1.2)
For a general reaction aa bb ae c...,
Other forms of the equilibrium co...
2  cards
Predicting the Direction of a Reaction (15.2.2)
If a reaction is not at chemical ...,
The direction in which the reacti...
2  cards
Strategies for Solving Equilibrium Problems (15.2.3)
The reaction quotient q can be co...,
Ice initial conditions change equ...,
If the starting concentrations ar...
3  cards
Le Châtelier's Principle (15.3.1)
Le chatelier s principle states t...,
Le chatelier s principle can be e...
2  cards
The Effect of Changing Amounts on Equilibrium (15.3.2)
Le chatelier s principle can be u...,
The reaction quotient q and ice d...
2  cards
Solving Problems Far from Equilibrium (15.2.4)
To solve equilibrium problems for...,
The calculated concentrations onc...
2  cards
An Equilibrium Problem Using the Quadratic Equation (15.2.5)
When assumptions used to simplify...,
The quadratic formula always yiel...
2  cards
The Effects of Pressure and Volume on Equilibrium (15.3.3)
A change in total pressure that d...,
A change in the volume of a syste...,
If the sum of the stoichiometric ...
3  cards
The Effects of Temperature and Catalysts on Equilibrium (15.3.4)
Equilibrium constants are tempera...,
Catalysts increase the rate at wh...
2  cards
CIA Demonstration: NO2/N2O4 (15.3.5)
The equilibrium between n2o4 dini...,
The equilibrium can be observed b...
2  cards
CIA Demonstration: Shifting the Equilibrium of FeSCN2+ (15.3.6)
The color of thiocyanoiron iii io...,
Increasing a reactant shifts the ...,
Decreasing a reactant shifts the ...
3  cards
Arrhenius/Brønsted-Lowry Definitions of Acids and Bases (16.1.1)
Bronsted lowry acids donate proto...,
A strong acid or strong base comp...,
Acid strength is not related to c...
3  cards
Hydronium, Hydroxide, and the pH Scale (16.1.2)
A proton h can be solvated by var...,
The dissociation constant of wate...,
The ph of a solution is the negat...
3  cards
Strong Acids and Bases (16.2.1)
Strong acids and strong bases com...,
Monoprotic acids yield one proton...,
The hydroxide ion concentration o...
4  cards
CIA Demonstration: Natural Acid-Base Indicators (16.2.2)
A number of natural compounds can...,
The color change in a red cabbage...
2  cards
Weak Acids (16.2.3)
The acid dissociation constant ka...,
Ka values can be used to calculat...,
For a weak acid percent dissociat...
3  cards
Weak Bases (16.2.4)
The equilibrium constant for the ...,
Kb values can be used to calculat...,
Kb for a base can be calculated f...
3  cards
Lewis Acids and Bases (16.2.5)
A lewis acid accepts electron pai...,
A lewis acid base reaction may gi...,
Baking powder contains baking sod...
3  cards
Trends in Acid and Base Strengths (16.2.6)
Factors that influence acidity in...,
The entropy of hydration is a mea...,
Adding oxygen stabilizes the nega...
4  cards
Strong Acid-Strong Base and Weak Acid-Strong Base Reactions (17.1.1)
Strong acids and strong bases rea...,
The point of equilibrium for reac...
2  cards
Strong Acid-Weak Base and Weak Acid-Weak Base Reactions (17.1.2)
The direction of a strong acid we...,
The direction of a weak acid weak...,
The ph of a system can be predict...
3  cards
The Common Ion Effect (17.1.3)
The common ion effect is an exten...,
When q ka a system is in equilibrium
2  cards
An Introduction to Buffers (17.2.1)
The human body is a complex syste...,
Buffers are composed of a weak ac...,
Calculations for buffer systems a...
3  cards
CIA Demonstration: Buffers in Action (17.2.2)
A buffer is a solution containing...,
Universal indicator is a combinat...
2  cards
Acidic Buffers (17.2.3)
The calculation of the ph of an a...,
If acid is added to a buffer solu...,
If base is added to a buffer solu...
3  cards
Basic Buffers (17.2.4)
A basic buffer is a buffer that h...,
If acid is added to a buffer solu...,
If base is added to a buffer solu...
3  cards
The Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation (17.2.5)
The henderson hasselbalch equatio...,
The henderson hasselbalch equatio...,
The henderson hasselbalch equatio...
4  cards
Strong Acid-Strong Base Titration (17.3.1)
Assuming a known mass of a pure a...,
The rate of change of ph along th...
2  cards
CIA Demonstration: Barium Hydroxide-Sulfuric Acid Titration (17.3.2)
In a titration of a monoprotic ac...,
The demonstration uses a conducto...
2  cards
Weak Acid-Strong Base Titration (17.3.3)
Since a weak acid does not comple...,
The titration curve of a weak aci...
2  cards
Polyprotic Acid-Strong Base Titration (17.3.4)
A diprotic weak acid will have a ...,
The two individual deprotonations...
2  cards
Weak Base-Strong Acid Titration (17.3.5)
The titration curve of a weak bas...,
The ph of a weak base strong acid...
2  cards
Acid-Base Indicators (17.3.6)
A ph indicator is a solution that...,
A ph indicator can be used to det...,
Universal indicator is a mix of s...
3  cards
The Solubility Product Constant (17.4.1)
Ksp is the solubility product con...,
Solids do not appear in solubilit...,
The concentrations of individual ...
4  cards
CIA Demonstration: Silver Chloride and Ammonia (17.4.2)
The solubility product constant k...,
Le chatelier s principle states t...
2  cards
Solubility and the Common Ion Effect (17.4.3)
The common ion effect is illustra...,
The solubility of calcium fluorid...
2  cards
Fractional Precipitation (17.4.4)
A precipitate is formed when the ...,
Salts with a common ion and of su...
2  cards
Spontaneous Processes (18.1.1)
The spontaneity of a process is i...,
The reverse of a spontaneous proc...,
Some processes are spontaneous wi...
3  cards
Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics (18.2.1)
Spontaneous processes that procee...,
Entropy changes are driven by sta...,
The second law of thermodynamics ...
3  cards
Entropy and Temperature (18.2.2)
The entropy change for a reversib...,
The change in entropy for a react...,
By the third law of thermodynamic...
3  cards
Gibbs Free Energy (18.3.1)
Spontaneity depends on change in ...,
Gibbs free energy change g is a t...,
When g 0 the reverse reaction is ...
3  cards
Standard Free Energy Changes of Formation (18.3.2)
The standard gibbs free energy of...,
As temperature changes g also cha...
2  cards
Enthalpy and Entropy Contributions to K (18.4.1)
The standard gibbs free energy ch...,
The equilibrium constant is relat...,
At high temperatures s determines...
3  cards
The Temperature Dependence of K (18.4.2)
For an exothermic reaction keq de...,
The van t hoff equation ln k2 k1 ...
2  cards
Free Energy Away from Equilibrium (18.4.3)
Chemical equilibrium can be thoug...,
Whenever a system is not at equil...,
The free energy of a system is th...
3  cards
Reviewing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (19.1.1)
Oxidation reduction reactions red...,
Redox reactions in which the chan...,
Redox reactions can be balanced b...
3  cards
Electrochemical Cells (19.2.1)
In a galvanic cell or voltaic cel...,
In an electrolytic cell electrica...
2  cards
Electromotive Force (19.2.2)
Electrical potential is a measure...,
The electromotive force ecell emf...
2  cards
Standard Reduction Potentials (19.2.3)
Ecell values can be compared by r...,
By convention ecell values are co...,
The standard reduction potential ...
3  cards
Using Standard Reduction Potentials (19.2.4)
Standard reduction potentials e d...,
Standard reduction potentials can...,
Trends in standard reduction pote...
3  cards
The Nernst Equation (19.2.5)
The electromotive force e cell is...,
The nernst equation can be used t...
2  cards
Electrochemical Determinants of Equilibria (19.2.6)
At equilibrium the nernst equatio...,
This relationship can be used to ...
2  cards
Batteries (19.3.1)
Batteries are galvanic cells that...,
Lead storage batteries are constr...,
Dry cells contain a moist paste r...
3  cards
CIA Demonstration: The Fruit-Powered Clock (19.3.2)
Fruit powered clocks are construc...,
A battery similar to the fruit po...
2  cards
Corrosion and the Prevention of Corrosion (19.4.1)
Corrosion is the spontaneous envi...,
Salt and acid can speed up corrosion,
Corrosion can be prevented by pas...
3  cards
Electrolytic Cells (19.5.1)
The simplest type of electrolytic...,
In electrolysis of aqueous soluti...,
Electrolytic cells can be used to...
3  cards
The Stoichiometry of Electrolysis (19.5.2)
The number of electrons passing t...
1  cards
The Nature of Radioactivity (20.1.1)
Nuclear chemistry is the study of...,
Nuclear reactions involve various...
2  cards
The Stability of Atomic Nuclei (20.1.2)
Stable nuclei form a band of stab...,
Nuclei above the band of stabilit...,
Heavy nuclei can undergo alpha decay
3  cards
Binding Energy (20.1.3)
In nuclear reactions matter is co...,
Binding energy eb is the energy r...,
Higher values of binding energy p...
3  cards
Rates of Disintegration Reactions (20.2.1)
Just as for any first order react...,
Activity is the rate of nuclear d...,
Measurements of activities and ha...
3  cards
Radiochemical Dating (20.2.2)
Age of objects can be determined ...,
The proportion of 14c to 12c in a...
2  cards
Nuclear Fission (20.3.1)
The reaction of 235u with a neutr...,
Critical mass is the amount of fi...,
Nuclear fission reactors harness ...
3  cards
Nuclear Fusion (20.3.2)
Stars use nuclear fusion reaction...,
Transuranium elements elements wi...,
Nuclear fusion reactors would pro...
3  cards
Applications of Nuclear Chemistry (20.3.3)
There are two commonly used units...,
Radiation leads to the production...,
There are productive uses of radi...
3  cards
Metallurgical Processes (21.1.1)
Metals are malleable ductile disp...,
Metallurgy is the study of metals...,
Metals are purified from ores thr...
3  cards
The Band Theory of Conductivity (21.1.2)
The free electron model is a mode...,
The band structure model is a mod...
2  cards
Intrinsic Semiconductors (21.1.3)
Intrinsic semiconductors are cons...,
The electrical conductivity of th...
2  cards
Doped Semiconductors (21.1.4)
Doped semiconductors have added i...,
N type doping involves the additi...,
P type doping involves the additi...
3  cards
The Alkali Metals (21.2.1)
Group 1 ia elements other than hy...,
All alkali metals form cations wi...,
Three important alkali metals are...
3  cards
The Alkaline Earth Metals (21.2.2)
Group 2 iia elements are called a...,
Alkaline earth metals form 2 cati...,
Four important alkaline earth met...
3  cards
Aluminum (21.2.3)
Aluminum forms many minerals baux...,
Aluminum is purified through the ...,
Gallium in gallium arsenide is an...
3  cards
CIA Demonstration: The Reaction Between Al and Br2 (21.2.4)
The redox reaction between alumin...,
Aluminum is a strong reducing age...
2  cards
General Properties of Nonmetals (22.1.1)
Nonmetals have very different pro...,
Elements of the second period ten...
2  cards
Hydrogen (22.1.2)
Hydrogen gas can be produced by e...,
Hydrogen has three isotopes,
Binary hydrides are composed of h...
4  cards
General Properties of Carbon (22.2.1)
The three allotropes of carbon ar...,
While the majority of carbon chem...
2  cards
Silicon (22.2.2)
Silicon used for semiconductors i...,
Silicates are a class of silicon ...,
Silicones are a class of silicon ...
3  cards
Nitrogen (22.3.1)
The haber bosch process is used t...,
The ostwald process is used to pr...,
Nitric acid is produced from nitr...
4  cards
Phosphorus (22.3.2)
Phosphorus exists mostly as phosp...,
Phosphorus reacts with halogens t...,
Oxides of phosphorus react with w...
4  cards
Oxygen (22.4.1)
Oxygen comprises only 21 of air b...,
Stratospheric ozone o3 absorbs ul...,
Most nonmetal oxides are acidic i...
4  cards
CIA Demonstration: Creating Acid Rain (22.4.2)
Under normal circumstances rain i...,
When rain reacts with industriall...,
By combining dry ice solid carbon...
3  cards
Sulfur (22.4.3)
The most common form of elemental...,
Much of the sulfur used in indust...,
Compounds such as hydrogen sulfid...
3  cards
Halogens (22.5.1)
As a group the halogens are elect...,
Diatomic halogens are prepared fr...
2  cards
Aqueous Halogen Compounds (22.5.2)
Reactions between alkali metal sa...,
The products of reactions with aq...
2  cards
Properties of Noble Gases (22.6.1)
The noble gases group 18 of the p...,
Each of the noble gases has uses ...
2  cards

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