AP Chemistry

-Write balanced nuclear equations -Know the difference between fission & fusion -Predict nuclear stability in terms of neutron-to-proton ratio -Calculate ages of objects or amounts of material from data on nucleon abundances using the half-life of a radioactive material -Convert between nuclear activity units -Calculate mass & energy changes for nuclear reactions -Understand the meaning of radiation dosage terms -Understand the biological effects of different kinds of radiation

-Describe Dalton's atomic theory -Describe the key experiments that led to the discovery of electrons & to the nuclear model of the atom -Describe the structure of the atom (proton, neutron, electron) -Describe the electric charge & relative masses of atomic particles -Use chemical symbols w/ atomic # & mass # to express the subatomic composition of isotopes -Understand atomic weights & how they relate to the masses of individual atoms & their natural abundances -Describe how elements are

-Balance chemical equations -Calculate molecular weights -Convert grams --> moles & moles --> grams using molar mass -Convert # of molecules --> moles & vice versa using Avogadro's # -Calculate the empirical & molecular formula of a compound from % composition & molecular weight -Calculate amounts, in grams or moles, of reactants & products for a reaction -Calculate the % yield of a reaction

-Recognize compounds as acids or base, & as strong, weak, or nonelectrolytes -Recognize reactions as acid-base, precipitation, metathesis, or redox -Be able to calculate moles or grams of substances in solution using molarity -Understand how to carry out a dilution to achieve a desire solution concentration -Understand how to perform & interpret the results of a titration

-Interconvert energy units -Express the relationships among the quantities q, w, delta E, delta H. Under their sign conventions, including how the signs of q and delta H relate to whether a process is exo or endothermic. -State the 1st law of thermodynamics -Understand the concept of a state function & be able to give examples -Use thermochemical equations to relate the amount of heat energy transferred in reactions at constant pressure (delta H) to the amount of substance involved in the re

-Be able to calculate the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation give its frequency or its frequency given its wavelength -Be able to order the common kinds of radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum according to their wavelengths or energy -Understand the concept of photons, and be able to calculate their energies given either their frequency or wavelength -Be able to explain how line spectra of the elements relate to the idea of quantized energy states of electrons in atoms -Be familiar

-Understand the meaning of effective nuclear charge (Zeff) and how Zeff depends upon nuclear charge and electron configuration -Use the periodic table to predict the trends in atomic radii, ionic radii, ionization energy, and electron affinity -Understand how the radius of an atom changes upon losing electrons to form a cation or gaining electrons to form an anion -Understand how the ionization energy changes as we remove successive electrons. Recognize the jump in ionization energy that occu

-Write Lewis symbols for atoms & ions -Understand lattice energy & be able to arrange compounds in order of increasing lattice energy based on the charges & sizes of the ions involved -Use atomic electron configurations & the octet rule to write Lewis structures for molecules to determine their electron distribution -Use electronegativity differences to identify nonpolar covalent, polar covalent, & ionic bonds -Calculate charge seapration in diatomic molecules based on the experimentally mea

-Be able to describe the 3D shapes of molecules using the VSEPR model -Determine whether a molecule is polar or nonpolar based on its geometry & the individual bond dipole moments -Be able to identify the hybridization state of atoms in molecules -Be able to sketch how orbitals overlap to form sigma & pi bonds -Be able to explain the concept of bonding and antibonding orbitals -Be able to draw molecular orbital energy-level diagrams & place electrons into them to obtain the bond orders & el

-Convert between pressure units with an emphasis on torr and atmospheres -Calculate P, V, n, or T using the ideal gas equation -Understand how the gas laws relate to the ideal gas equation & apply the gas laws in calculations -Calculate the density or molecular weight of a gas -Calculate the volume of gas used or formed in a chemical reaction -Calculate the total pressure of a gas mixture given its partial pressures or information for calculating partial pressures -Describe the kinetic mol

-Understand & be able to describe the intermolecular attractive interactions (ion-dipole, dipole-dipole, London dispersion, hydrogen bonding) that exist between molecules or ions, & be able to compare the relative strengths of intermolecular attractions in substances based on their molecular structure or physical properties. -Understand the concept of polarizability. -Understand the concepts of viscosity & surface tension in liquids -Know the names of the various phase changes for a pure subs

*Understand what's meant by chemical equilibrium & how it relates to reaction rates *Write the equilibrium-constant expression for any rate *Relate Kc & Kp *Relate the magnitude of an equilibrium constant to the relative amounts of reactants & products present in an equilibrium mixture *Manipulate the equilibrium constant to reflect changes in the chemical equation *Write the equilibrium-constant expression for a heterogeneous reaction *Calculate an equilibrium constant from concentration