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Lola Retter
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Decks in this class (12)
Introduction to Biology
The study of life reveals common themes. Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life. In studying nature, scientists make observations and form and test hypotheses. Science benefits from a cooperative approach and diverse viewpoints
35
cards
Chemistry
Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and in combinations called compounds. An element's properties depend on the structure of its atoms. The formation and function of molecules depend on chemical bonding between atoms. Chemical reactions make and break chemical bonds
45
cards
Water
Polar covalent bonds in water molecules result in hydrogen bonding. Four emergent properties of water contribute to Earth's suitability for life. Acidic and basic conditions affect living organisms
33
cards
Organic Chemistry
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds. Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms. A few chemical groups are key to molecular function
8
cards
Macromolecules
Macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers. Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material. Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules. Proteins include a diversity of structures, resulting in a wide range of functions. Nucleic acids store, transmit, and help express hereditary information. Genomics and proteomics have transformed biological inquiry and applications
57
cards
Cell Structure
Biologists use microscopes and the tools of biochemistry to study cells. Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions. The eukaryotic cell's genetic instructions are housed in the nucleus and carried out by the ribosomes. The endomembrane system regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell. Mitochondria and chloroplasts change energy from one form to another.
72
cards
Cell Membranes
Cellular membranes are fluid mosaics of lipids and proteins. Membrane structure results in selective permeability. Passive transport is diffusion of a substance across a membrane with no energy investment. Active transport uses energy to move solutes against their gradients. Bulk transport across the plasma membrane occurs by exocytosis and endocytosis
37
cards
Metabolism
An organism's metabolism transforms matter and energy, subject to the laws of thermodynamics. The free-energy change of a reaction tells us whether or not the reaction occurs spontaneously. ATP powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions. Enzymes speed up metabolic reactions by lowering energy barriers. Regulation of enzyme activity helps control metabolism
36
cards
Cellular Respiration
Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels. Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate. After pyruvate is oxidized, the citric acid cycle completes the energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules. During oxidative phosphorylation, chemiosmosis couples electron transport to ATP synthesis. Fermentation and anaerobic respiration enable cells to produce ATP without the use of oxygen.
24
cards
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis,
Autotrophs,
Heterotrophs
40
cards
Cell Communication
Hormones,
Signal transduction pathways,
Ligand
17
cards
Cell Cycle
Cell division,
Cell cycle,
Genome
43
cards
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Biology
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