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Cahokia was built and inhabited by Native Americans who live in what is now the central United States. It was one of the largest cities north of the Rio Grande, which peaked at about 10,000 people, however after 1200 the society began to shrink until it was next to nothing. It was known for its large amount of trade and the complexity of a civilization at its height.

This Ocean served as one of the best areas in the world for the exchange of ideas and trade. The trade along this body of water started to pick up in the 11th and 12th centuries. The communities that surrounded the ocean were able to thrive and grow in size. The Indian Ocean was pivotal for the trade and growth of the civilizations that surrounded it. The Indian Ocean fits with the significance of trade and helped many civilizations to grow through its use.

A philosophical and religious concept where the right to rule was granted by heaven based on the virtue of the ruler. This idea was a Chinese idea under the Zhou dynasty. It justified the Zhou dynasty's overthrow of the Shang dynasty and continued to legitimize successive rulers as long as they governed justly. This idea allowed for the growth of empires and is why the Zhou dynasty existed. Highlighting the them of old empires and using divine approval to give legitimacy

A successful leader who came to power to create and rule the Mongol Empire. Well-known for his great desire and victory during the conquest. He took the Mongols from a small nation to a great empire. Through the use of a nomadic empire, Genghis was able to take over the steppe and establish the great Mongol Empire.

He was a rabbi who converted to Islam and would go on to become the chief minister of the Mongol rulers of what is now Iran. His work through the compendium of chronicles was propaganda that allowed us to see the Mongols through his Persian style. His work helped to show contact vs isolation by showing the exchange of ideas through the Mongol empire through his work.

While passports may have been in use in China at the time the Mongols used documents called paizi that were used as passports. These allowed the Mongols to regulate communication and administration throughout the Mongol empire. This highlights the theme of contact as through the use of these passports Mongols were able to travel the great empire and share/trade with one another and neighboring areas.

The grandson of Genghis Khan ruled the Mongol empire in the 13th century where he helped to establish the Yuan dynasty in what is now China. Through conquest, Khubilai was able to help grow the Mongol empire and establish trade along the Silk Road. He helps to highlight the themes of empire building with his conquest of China which led to the expansion of the Mongol Empire.

Mongol ruler who was known for his conversion to Islam played a significant shift in religion. Known for his rule of Persia he had significant reform that allowed for greater development of the Mongol Empire. He ruled during the late 13th century while the Mongol Empire began to a fraction. He fits with the theme of trade as he helped to maintain the Silk Road during his rule which helped aid the empire.

Was a Mongol territory established in the mid-13th century following the fragmentation of the Mongol Empire after the death of Genghis Khan. It was founded by Batu Khan, a grandson of Genghis Khan. The Golden Horde was a product of the Mongol's desire to expand and grow their empire. The theme that would best fit this would be the Empire building. Through the conquest of the Mongols, they were able to take on this territory to expand their empire.

A battle that took place between the Mamluk Sultanate and the Mongol Empire. This battle took place in the 13th century and is well known for the victory of the Mamluk Sultanate. This marked one of the first major defeats that the Mongols had. The themes that this battle would touch on are empire building and the New empire vs. the old empire. This battle prevented the further rise of the Mongol empire.

A former slave who had risen to general and received his freedom from his master in the 13th century. He would go on to help create a state from the Indus River to the Bay of Bengal. He would rule over the Dehli Sultan and played a pivotal role when it came to empire building. He skillfully navigated between contact and isolation, maintaining diplomatic ties with the Abbasid Caliphate while fending off nomadic threats like the Mongols

Daughter of Iltutmish she would go on to be his successor in the 13th century. In the Islamic world, it was not uncommon to see women in place of power and was viewed as the natural order of the world. While this was the case she had to compete in order to rule however she would not be stopped and continued to rise to power. She highlights the theme of empire building as she was the first and only women ruler of the Dehli Sultan and helped to shape the empire.

The Black Death devastated societies especially in Eurasia and Northern Africa during the 14th to the 17th century. The disease is said to have first appeared in the steppe land of Mongolia. In many major cities, almost half the population died due to the disease. One reason that the disease could spread to this extent is because of the decreased temp of the time period known as the Little Ice Age. The significance of this term is that it links to the theme of the environmental upheavals in the

Was a ruler of the Delhi Sultanate in India during the 14th century. He attempted to bring major reforms to the Delhi Sultanate as well as desire to expand his empire. He attempted to grow the empire into central Asia and south parts of India which helped to highlight how he followed the theme of empire-building. However, his rule was not known to have gone well as many disasters struck such as the plague.

An island city that was located in southeast Asia which came to power in the late 14th century. Majaphit continued to grow as time went on as it spread around the coast of Bali and Sumatra. The Empire was considered to be one of the largest Hindu-Buddhist empires. Additionally, due to the location by the water, Majapahit was considered a maritime empire, which allowed them to be able to establish a good trade economy for the time period.

Legendary Hero who founded the Mali Empire in West Africa during the 13th century. He is known mostly as a legend as he was born a cripple who was mocked and exiled and eventually returned home as a hero and conqueror. He connects to the larger historical theme of empire building as he established the Mali Empire and allowed it to thrive and grow during his time and after his death.

It was the capital of the Kingdom of Zimbabwe, a significant trade and political center in Southern Africa. Its most iconic feature is the Great Enclosure, a large stone structure. The city played a central role in the regional trade of gold, ivory, and other goods. Its peak was between the 11th and 15th centuries but was largely abandoned by the 15th century. Zimbabwes played a large role in the theme of trade. The city was used as the central trade point and allowed for connections with India

The Chimú were a highly organized and hierarchical society that was around from the 10th century to the 15th century. The Chimú were important because they controlled a vast empire that extended along the northern coast of Peru, becoming the most powerful civilization in the region before the rise of the Inca Empire. Empire Building and Trade: The Chimú built a powerful maritime and land empire, controlling key trade routes along the coast.

Capital of the aztec empire founded in the 13 century founded on an island in modern-day mexico city. Becoming one of the world largest cities for its time. Known for its advanced engineering, temples, and markets. Tenochtitlan fall to the spanish marked the start of eurpean imperialism in the new world. Highlighting themes of old vs new empires

Was a Turkic-Mongol leader ot of Mongol blood but came from a Turkic aristocratic family. He was a military genius and strategist, uniting various nomadic tribes and waging extensive campaigns to establish his empire. Timur is most famous for creating the Timurid Empire, which spanned from Central Asia to parts of India, Persia, and the Ottoman Empire during the 14th century. Empire Building: Timur's empire-building was a blend of Mongol-style conquests and Persian culture which allowed him to b

He was the Ottoman Sultan best known for conquering Constantinople in the 15th century. This event marked the end of the Byzantine Empire and the rise of the Ottoman Empire as a dominant force in both the Islamic and European worlds. Constantinople was the gateway between Europe and Asia and a crucial trade hub. Empire Building and Trade by conquering Constantinople it not only achieved a military victory but also gained control over vital trade routes.

Was a Chinese explorer during the early Ming Dynasty. Originally born into a Muslim family. He led several maritime expeditions which helped to establish trade and relations throughout the Indian Ocean region. He helped to establish a great trade system for the Ming Dynasty which allowed them to innovate and grow.

It was a powerful African state in west central Africa. It was founded in the late 14th century and consisted of a central government system, trading systems, and cultural achievements. Kongo's location made it a key player in trade routes, both inland and along the Atlantic coast. Trade and Contact the Kingdom of Kongo was deeply involved in the Atlantic trade networks

Virji Vora was a wealthy and influential Indian merchant, predominantly active in the 17th century. He was based in Gujarat and engaged in trade with various parts of the world, including the Persian Gulf, Southeast Asia, and Europe. Vora is considered one of the richest merchants of his time, dealing in commodities such as spices, textiles, and precious stones. Trade allowed him to be extremely successful and grow his wealth through exchange of goods.

He was the tenth and longest-reigning Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. His reign from during the 16th century marked the peak of Ottoman territorial expansion and power. He is known for both his military conquests and legal reforms, shaping the empire into a dominant world power. Suleiman expanded the Ottoman Empire through military conquests across Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. Empire Building: Suleiman expanded the Ottoman Empire to its zenith, controlling vast territories in Europe,

Were a powerful Mesoamerican civilization that flourished from the 14th to the 16th century in what is now central Mexico. What was once a nomadic tribe converted to a sedentary empire that was extremely powerful. The Aztec Empire was a hierarchical society centered on agriculture, warfare, and religious practices, particularly human sacrifice, which they believed was necessary to appease their gods and maintain the balance of nature. They highlight the theme of Ecological imperialism as they us

The Inca Empire was a powerful indigenous civilization that flourished in the Andean region of South America from the early 15th century until the Spanish conquest in the 16th century. The Inca Empire was an extensive territorial state that utilized a centralized government and a highly organized administrative system. Its economy was based on agriculture, particularly maize. Ecological Imperialism: The Incas transformed their environment through agricultural innovations, which can be viewed as

The Khmer Empire founded in 802 in Cambodia, was a powerful civilization known for its capital Angkor, monumental temples like Angkor Wat, and advanced irrigation systems supporting large populations. It thrived on rice agriculture, trade, and a blend of Hindu and Buddhist traditions, but declined due to ecological strain, climate changes, and invasions. The empire illustrates themes of sedentary civilization.