Human Physiology (1)

1. Describe major fluid parts - intra & extra cellular 2. Explain composition and function of cell membrane 3. Describe conc. of ions in intra/extracellular fluids 4. Describe diffusion, filtration, carrier mediated transport, exo/endocytosis and osmosis

Describe the structure of cardiac muscle Understand the factors which affect cardiac muscle force generation Describe the metabolic requirements for contraction of cardiac muscle

Explain the difference between excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials Define spatial and temporal summation Describe presynaptic inhibition Define 3 different classes of neurotransmitter molecules and examples Describe acetylcholine lifecycle at the neuromuscular junction

Define various types of excitable cells Describe the basic function and structure of a neurone Define transmembrane resting potential in a neurone and its ionic effect Explain a local non-propagated synaptic or generator potential in an excitable cell Draw a diagram showing the transmembrane potential change associated with an action potential Explain the operation of voltage-gated sodium channels Describe the function of the Na,K ATPase pump Compare the propagation of an action potential in bo

Understand the anatomical organisation of the ANS including the arrangement of the main nerve cells which form the PS and S systems\ Describe the main functions of the PS and S NS Describe the main chemical neurotransmitters of the ANS and be aware of their receptors

Describe the synthesis of EACh in ANS Describe the metabolism of EACh released from the ANS nerves Outline the main types of cholinergic receptors, including 3 types of muscarinic receptors and their distribution target tissues Outline the PS control of the heart, eye and smooth muscle tissues - include drugs used to treat disorders in the eye Outline the PS cotransmission of ACh and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide

Describe the synthesis of noradrenaline in the ANS nerves Describe the uptake and metabolism of NA in ANS nerves Outline the main types and distribution and a and b adrenoreceptors and the role of the presynaptic receptors Outline the sympathetic control of the heart, eye and smooth muscle tissue including drugs used to treat the eye Outline sympathetic cotransmission of NA, neuropeptide Y and A-5-TP

Describe the anatomy of the human visual system Explain some of the functions of the human visual system Describe the visual pathway and how the information gets to the visual cortex Describe some common visual disorders

Define the terms sensory unit and receptive field Explain the classification of sensory stimuli into modalities Define the terms adequate stimulus and lateral inhibition Explain how sensory information is coded by pacinian corpuscles Explain the difference between phasic and tonic receptors Give examples of cutaneous, visceral and special senses Briefly describe the sensory pathways and the locations of specific sensory areas in the cortex

Define motor unit Explain the principle fibre types in human skeletal muscle Explain how the force of contraction is controlled by a-MNs Explain how muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs regulate muscle contraction Explain the operation of the y-loop

Describe the various types of chemical 'inter-cellular messenger' in the body Describe and distinguish the basic structure, synthesis, release, transport and mechanism of hormone action of a) peptide and b) steroid hormones Explain the physiological mechanisms involved in the regulation of hormone release, including feedback control, the endocrine axis, neuroendocrine reflexes and diurnal rhythms Briefly summarise the types of endocrine disorders and the principles of treatment of the conditions

Define primary and secondary hypertension Outline there mechanisms underlying a1 adrenoreceptor antagonist, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, calcium channel blocker, diuretic and B1 adrenoreceptor atagonist List the side effects associated with the above

To be able to identify the different body fluid compartments To understand the function of the blood and circulation Understand the haematoocrit and physiological changes that alter the haematocrit Identify the constituents of blood

Explain sound waves and how pitch, loudness and tonal quality effect them Describe the anatomy of the ear Explain how we are sensitive to different frequencies Explain how we are sensitive to sound loudness and location Explain how the organ of corti generates APs Describe some different types of deafness

Understand the anatomy and function of the immune system Describe the response to different pathogens Understand the function and differences between innate and acquired immunity