IBS 526

three points of this lecture: - neuroanatomy (structure/function) - hypothalamic-Pituitary regulation (key hypothalamic structures, key functions of hypothalamic regions, diff between control of anterior and posterior pituitary secretion) - sex and sexual dimorphism

Describe the overall organization of the Enteric nervous system Identify the types of neurons and their main function Recognize the types of neurotransmitters in the ENS and their function Understand the origin and development of the ENS List a few diseases related to abnormalities in the ENS

Hypothalamic – Pituitary – Gonadal (“HPG”) Axis Gonadal steroids are key peripheral signals that readily cross the blood brain barrier to act centrally, affecting a range of neural systems and their output Review - Overview of HPG axis - Regulation of key components of the HPG axis - Examples of how HPG axis is perturbed - Regulation of reproductive behavior

peripheral signals important for food intake 1.insulin 2. ghrelin 3. leptin

oxytocin and vasopressin

1 anatomical organization of the autonomic nervous system: sympathetic vs parasympathetic divisions 2 neurotransmission of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomous nervous system 3 functional role of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems in organ system coordination and regulation

dopamine regulates photopic vision melatonin regulates scotopic vision

•Damage to hippocampal memory system results in anterograde amnesia and temporally-graded retrograde amnesia (leaving intact nondeclarative memory and non-memory abilities) •Process of systems consolidation explains temporally-graded retrograde amnesia •The hippocampus is evolutionarily conserved •Memory supported by the mammalian hippocampus is typically rapidly acquired, flexibly expressed, context-dependent, and, at least in humans, available to conscious recollection. - Hippocampus ancho

•Many neurons in rodent hippocampus have receptive fields that represent spatial locations (“place cells” with “place fields”) •Hippocampal neurons in other mammals and in pigeons also show spatial specificity •Some neurons in mammalian medial entorhinalcortex show other types of spatial representations: grid cells, border cells, and head direction cells •There is a distributed place, grid, head direction cell system •Place cells respond to more than place •Spatial memory or memory space?

What is consolidation? When does consolidation happen? How long does it take? What are the mechanisms of consolidation? Where does it occur (in what parts of brain)? Why does this happen (is it functional)? What, if any, are clinical implications?

1. Define stress & stress response systems 2. The behavioral effects of prolonged stressor exposure - Recent work in depressive-like behavior; associated with corticosterone - Stressor exposure  neural remodeling, decay of neurotrophin systems - Corticotrophin Releasing Hormone as a therapeutic target 3. Discuss the multiple techniques in testing anxietylike behavior in rodents

•Cognitive decline in aging humans •Aging and the Prefrontal Cortex –Deficits in working memory –Morphological changes in area 46 –Changes in electrophysiological properties of neurons •Aging and the Hippocampus –Deficits in spatial memory –No cell loss –Morphological changes •Estrogen and Aging –Effects on memory –Effects on spine morphology –Double-hit hypothesis

From neural tube to brain Prenatal developmental processes Postnatal developmental processes Linking brain and cognitive development From normal circuit to developmental psychopathologies.

1. neural bases of social perception - Haxby model 2. neural bases of social behavior - Numan model & three ways of understanding others

1. There are multiple “reward systems” in the brain, expressed as parallel systems. 

2. Two major systems can be termed “appetitive” (responding for future reward) and “consummatory” (responding for present reward).

 3. Dopamine seems to have a role in the ability of rewarding stimuli to be reinforcing (that is, bring about learning via LTP). This may be particularly important in the dorsal striatum (caudate/putamen), and form the basis of addictive behaviors. 4. Dopamine, particularly in t

1. two working memory experiments 2. circuit model