Jess Pathology

To review main critical cellular structures and their relevance to cellular response to injury. To recall the factors determining the cellular response to injurious stimuli. To recognise and describe the main patterns of cellular adaptation. To describe the features of specific examples of adaptive response.

To recognise the dynamic evolution and stages of cellular response to injury. To list the causes of cell injury and death. To identify the molecular mechanisms underlying reversible and irreversible cell injury. To distinguish the features of reversible vs irreversible cell injury.

To review the stages and features of irreversible cell injury progressing to cell death. To recognise and describe the main patterns and morphologic features of necrosis. To correlate patterns of necrosis with specific causes/aetiologies/disease conditions To differentiate between apoptosis and necrosis- The main patterns of cell death.

To list the most common examples of cellular and extracellular accumulation. To explain the mechanisms underlying specific types of accumulations. To recognise the morphologic patterns of selected examples of cellular and extracellular accumulations

Inflammation and the vascular response.

The cellular response. Chronic inflammation. "Many factors can modify the course and morphological appearance of acute and chronic inflammation"

Regulation of the inflammatory response. Causes of inflammation Regulation of inflammation- Mediators- cell derived and plasma protein derived. Acute vs chronic inflammation.

Terminology. See printed table. How inflammation affects the lung- special features of lung structure and function. Classification of pneumonia. Patterns of acute inflammation in the lung. Patterns of chronic inflammation in the lung.

Basic mechanisms. -Definitions of repair, regeneration, healing with scar formation. -How to describe the cell cycle. -Definitions and some examples of labile, stable and permanent tissues and their cellular response to injury. -Nature and function of stem cells -At least one example of stem cell use in clinical veterinary medicine.

Wound healing. -What ECM is composed of. -Causes of laminitis and typical gross/microscopic changes seen. -Circumstances under which tissue repair occurs by connective tissue formation, and the sequence of events of tissue repair. -Definitions of erosion and ulcer. -Cirrhosis definition, gross and microscopic appearance. -Granulation tissue vs. scar tissue.

Healing by first and second intention. -How granulation tissue can go wrong in horses, and a major differential diagnosis. -Definitions of wound healing by first and second intention and the details of each stage in these processes. -How to draw a graph of the basic stages of wound healing. -How to describe healing of deep and shallow corneal ulcers. -Causes of delayed wound healing. -Differences between mammals and reptiles.

-Blood brain barrier. -Different sites of brain haemorrhage following trauma. -Definitions of concussion, contusion and laceration. -Cellular responses to brain trauma. -Hansen Type I and II disc herniation in terms of breeds, ages of dogs, and pathogenesis. -Most common causes of cervical spinal cord compression in young horses, including gross and histological lesions. -Wallerian degeneration and it's histological appearance. -Stages of peripheral nerve regeneration.

The connective tissues. TENDONS- Normal structure (gross, microscopic and ultrastructural) -Why the equine SDFT is injury prone, and it's human counterpart. -Tendon microdamage and how it occurs. -Phases of repair in tendon tissue and how this compares with skin wound healing. CARTILAGE- What factors limit it's ability to regenerate -Definitions of fibrillation, cartilage erosion, cartilage ulceration, eburnation, pannus and osteophytes. -Degenerative joint disease. -Gross and hi

-Main cell types. -The difference between traumatic and pathological fractures. -How to classify fractures. -The process of fracture repair- rigid, stable and unstable. -Possible complications of fracture repair. -Portals of entry of disease. -Specific examples of disease caused by direct entry of infection. -Structure of growth plates in young animals. -Why growth plates are so susceptible to infection. -Pathogenesis of embolic osteomyelitis.

JOINTS: -Terminology for joint disease. -Different portals of entry of disease in to the joints. -Why young animals are so susceptible to infectious joint disease. CNS: -All portals of entry of disease. -Routes of direct entry in to the brain and spinal cord, with specific examples. -How haematogenous infection occurs, including examples of viral and bacterial disease. -What leukocyte trafficking of disease is and at least one example. -Two diseases that infect the brain via axons

THE ORIGINS OF BLOOD CELLS. -Basic lifecycle of blood cells. -Terminology. -Main abnormalities seen in haematology and general approach to investigation. -Species differences.

ANAEMIA

ANAEMIAS OF DECREASED RED CELL PRODUCTION.

LEUKOCYTE ABNORMALITIES. 1. Leukogram patterns- physiological, stress and inflammatory. 2. Individual leukocyte changes. 3. Neoplasia of the haematopoeitic system.

-Define neoplasia -Differentiate a true neoplasm from other growths -List the changes which may precede neoplasia -List the important veterinary tumour types based on cells of origin -Differentiate between benign and malignant tumours using the relevant features: differentiation and anaplasia, rate of growth, local invasion and metastasis.

-List the markers of differentiation (structure, function) -Recall the histologcal featuers of malignancy -Demonstrate the important differences in the cell cycle (normal vs neoplastic tissues) -Describe the mechanisms of tumour growth (including evasion of apoptosis) -Recall theories of tumour evasion +/- stepwise tumour development. -List the mechanisms of invasion.

-Compare and contrast the mechanisms of invasion and metastasis -List the possible routes of metastasis -Know the steps important in haematogenous metastasis -Define angiogenesis -List the features of tumour vasculature

-Tumour organisation- parenchyma vs stroma -Host defences- Inflammation -Tumour immunity

-Define indirect effects of cancer- paraneoplastic syndromes -Be familiar with the most common examples in veterinary medicine- hypercalcaemia, hypoglycaemia, cachexia. -Describe the aetiology of cancer- genetics and cancer, virally induced tumours. -Give examples of virally induced tumours in a range of species -Equine sarcoids- why are they so difficult?

-Give good examples of tumour susceptibility in dogs -List the round cell tumours in dogs -Describe tumour grading in dogs -Describe tumour staging -Diagnostic approach to cases- Horse with lethargy, cow with a lump, cat with dyspnoea (case studies)