LSS Anatomy of the Thorax

lungs: demonstrate the surface markings of the pleura, lobes and fissures of the lungs and explain their clinical significance; describe the structures in the hilum of the lung and their anatomical relationships; summarise the anatomy of the bronchial tree and bronchopulmonary segments, explain their functional and clinical significance and describe the blood supply, innervation, venous and lymphatic drainage of the lungs

diaphragm: describe the attachments and relations of the diaphragm and the structures that pass through and behind it; explain the movements of the diaphragm, its motor and sensory innervation and pleural and peritoneal coverings

ventilation: explain the movements involved in normal, vigorous and forced ventilation and describe the muscles responsible for these movements

lungs: demonstrate the surface markings of the pleura, lobes and fissures of the lungs and explain their clinical significance; describe the structures in the hilum of the lung and their anatomical relationships; summarise the anatomy of the bronchial tree and bronchopulmonary segments, explain their functional and clinical significance and describe the blood supply, innervation, venous and lymphatic drainage of the lungs

bones of the thorax: demonstrate the main anatomical features and surface landmarks of the thoracic vertebrae, ribs and sternum; describe the anatomy of the joints between the ribs, vertebrae, costal cartilages and sternum; explain their contribution to the movements of ventilation

intercostal muscles: describe the anatomy of the intercostal muscles. Describe a neurovascular bundle in a typical intercostal space and outline the structures its components supply

breast: describe the anatomy of the breast including its neurovascular supply; explain the lymphatic drainage of the breast and its clinical relevance to the spread of metastases

heart: demonstrate the surface markings of the heart and great vessels, the position and site of auscultation of the heart valves, and explain their clinical relevance; identify the major anatomical features of each chamber of the heart and explain their functional significance; describe the structure and position of heart valves and explain their function; describe the anatomical course of the spread of electrical excitation through the chambers of the heart, recall the position of palpation of

pericardium: describe the arrangement of the fibrous and serous layers of the pericardium and relate it to conditions such as cardiac tamponade and pericarditis

coronary arteries: describe the origin, course and main branches of the left and right coronary arteries and discuss the functional consequences of their obstruction in conditions such as ischaemic heart disease

great vessels: describe the course of the great arteries (ascending aorta, the arch of the aorta and descending thoracic aorta) and great veins (inferior and superior vena cavae) and the azygos venous system; list their major branches/tributaries and the structures they supply/drain

thoracic inlet: describe the boundaries of the thoracic inlet and outlet and the structures that pass through them and their relations

mediastinum: describe the arrangement and contents of the superior, anterior, middle and posterior parts of the mediastinum

oesophagus: describe the course, major relations and neurovascular supply of the oesophagus within the thorax

vagus and phrenic nerves: describe the origin, course and distribution of the vagus and phrenic nerves

thoracic duct: describe the course and major relations of the thoracic duct; explain the lymph drainage within the thorax and its clinical significance

thoracic sympathetic nerves: describe the distribution and function of the sympathetic chains and thoracic splanchnic nerves; explain the mechanism of referred pain from T1-5 sympathetic afferents to the chest wall and relate it to the thoracic viscera

diagnostic imaging: identify major thoracic structures on standard diagnostic images e.g. CT, MRI, X-ray and ultrasound