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Decks in this class (54)
respiratory cell biology
respiratory mucosa: recall the structure and function of the respiratory mucosa throughout the respiratory tract, including the muco-ciliary escalator
13
cards
respiratory cell biology
respiratory immune cells: recall the role of alveolar macrophages and polymorphonucelar neutrophils and explain the effect of inhaled toxins on these cells
17
cards
respiratory cell biology
respiratory cell biology: recall the structure, location and function of the principle cells of the airways, including epithelial cells, goblet cells, type 1 pneumocyte, type 2 pneumocyte, alveolar macrophage, smooth muscle cells, interstitial cells and Clara cells (non-ciliated secretory epithelial cells, also termed Club cells)
28
cards
respiratory cell biology
control of airway cells: recall the neuronal and humoral control of the function of airway cells
13
cards
respiratory cell biology
respiratory disease pathophysiology: summarise the pathophysiological mechanisms of lung disease including changes in control mechanisms and altered functions of airway cells
21
cards
control of breathing
central control of breathing: explain the central organisation of breathing, and recall the principle inputs and outputs, including sensitivity to carbon dioxide and hypoxia
47
cards
control of breathing
sleep: explain the effect of sleep on breathing and blood gases; explain the apnoeic threshold and how this may lead to central sleep apnoea; explain the influences of sleep on the upper airway and how this may lead to obstructive sleep apnoea; explain how cardiorespiratory disease may be exacerbated by changes in breathing control during sleep
12
cards
respiratory mechanics
compliance: define compliance and elastance and explain the relationship between them
5
cards
respiratory mechanics
surfactant: explain the role of surfactant in ventilation and lung structure
3
cards
respiratory mechanics
resistance: explain the concept of airway resistance in the lung, and explain it effects, and is affected by, changes in pulmonary function
13
cards
respiratory mechanics
mechanics: explain the mechanical relationship between the chest wall, pleural membranes and the lung; distinguish the mechanical forces involved in tidal and maximal ventilation, and fluid- and air-filled lungs
20
cards
sensory aspects of respiratory disease
Respiratory symptoms: explain how respiratory symptoms are generated and perceived, and explain the importance of measuring symptoms in clinical medicine and research
3
cards
sensory aspects of respiratory disease
cough: recall the pathophysiology and mechanics of a cough, including: features of respiratory sensory receptors, afferent neural pathways, regions of the brain involved, efferent neural pathways and main muscle groups innervated; recall the function of a cough and summarise possible treatment strategies
27
cards
sensory aspects of respiratory disease
chest pain: explain the pathophysiology of chest pain, including thoracic sensory receptors, afferent neural pathways, and brain regions involved in nociception; explain the concept of referred chest pain and explain typical patterns of chest pain that may differentiate the underlying cause
12
cards
sensory aspects of respiratory disease
dyspnoea: explain the pathophysiology of dyspnoea, recall the main important causes of dyspnoea, explain how dyspnoea is assessed clinically and recall management principles
11
cards
lung infection and immunity
host defence: summarise the host defenses against infection in the airways and recall how they may be compromised (congenital and acquired)
15
cards
lung infection and immunity
acute vs chronic lung infection: recall the differences in pathogenesis between acute and chronic lung infections e.g. pneumococcal pneumonia vs bronchiectasis
26
cards
lung infection and immunity
allergic airway diseases: define the terms allergy, intolerance, atopy and hypersensitivity; explain immunological mechanisms operative in allergic airway diseases (including allergic rhinitis, asthma, extrinsic allergic alveolitis); recall the epidemiology, explain the aetiology and explain principles of treatment of allergic airway diseases
23
cards
ventilation
ventilation: define and compare pulmonary and alveolar ventilation
5
cards
ventilation
lung volumes: define lung volumes and explain how they may change in respiratory disease (obstructive and restrictive)
19
cards
ventilation
dDead space: define and compare anatomical, alveolar and physiological dead space
21
cards
ventilation
ventilation-perfusion: explain the regional differences in ventilation and perfusion
7
cards
pulmonary circulation
pulmonary circulation: explain the functions of the pulmonary circulation, compare to the systemic circulation, and explain the regional differences in lung perfusion
10
cards
pulmonary circulation
pulmonary hypoxic vasoconstriction: explain the importance, advantages and disadvantages of pulmonary hypoxic vasoconstriction in humans in health and disease and how this differs from the systemic response
10
cards
pulmonary circulation
pulmonary hypertension: explain how lung disease may lead to pulmonary hypertension and changes in cardiac ventricular morphology
1
cards
pulmonary circulation
pulmonary fluid balance: explain mechanisms that control fluid balance in the lungs, and the pathophysiological mechanisms that may lead to pulmonary oedema
11
cards
pulmonary circulation
shunting: explain the concept of shunting and provide and explain anatomical examples
6
cards
clinical assessment of respiratory disease
thoracic ultrasonography: summarise the basic principles of ultrasonography, explain the importance of probe selection, recall the normal ultrasonographic appearance of the chest wall, and explain the use of ultrasound in assessing the mechanics of breathing
20
cards
clinical assessment of respiratory disease
cardiopulmonary exercise testing: explain changes in energy metabolism and ventilation during exercise and how these are controlled; explain how this is demonstrated on cardiopulmonary exercise testing and the role of cardiopulmonary exercise testing in clinical assessment of patients
22
cards
clinical assessment of respiratory disease
lung function tests: explain the use of lung function tests and recall how they may change in patients with respiratory disease, and explain the pressure-volume relationship for inspiration and expiration in health and disease
17
cards
lung cancer
pathogenesis of lung cancer: recall the pathogenesis of lung cancer and summarise risk factors
8
cards
lung cancer
lung tumours: explain the local and systemic complications of lung tumours
7
cards
lung cancer
histopathology of lung cancer: explain the common types of lung cancer, their biological behavior, prognosis and treatment
28
cards
lung cancer
Investigation of lung cancer: explain the modalities by which lung cancer can be diagnosed
11
cards
lung cancer
staging of lung cancer: explain the macroscopic appearance of lung tumours and recall pathological parameters used for staging
4
cards
lung cancer
paraneoplastic syndromes: explain what is meant by a paraneoplastic syndrome with examples
4
cards
lung cancer
mesothelioma: summarise the risk factors and recall the pathology of mesothelioma
3
cards
lung development
lung growth and development continuum: recognise the continuum of lung growth and development from conception to adulthood, explain the factors that interfere with normal development, and recall the early life origins of susceptibility to lung disease
7
cards
lung development
intrauterine lung development: summarise the morphological and cellular events associated with the phases of intrauterine lung development, and explain how congenital lung defects arise
19
cards
lung development
postnatal lung development: summarise the lung growth and development in the postnatal period
2
cards
lung development
birth: explain the cardiorespiratory changes that occur at birth
2
cards
gas transport
oxygen cascade: summarise the oxygen cascade
12
cards
gas transport
haemoglobin: compare the structure and function of adult haemoglobin, fetal haemoglobin, methaemoglobin and myoglobin
8
cards
gas transport
gas transport: explain how respiratory gases are transported in the blood, explain key gas laws involved including Henry, Fick, Dalton, Boyle and Charles; explain how respiratory gas transport changes in exercise and at altitude
12
cards
gas transport
dissociation curves: explain respiratory gas dissociation curves and how these are affected by physiological and environmental changes
15
cards
gas transport
blood gases: recall typical values for blood gases at all parts of the circulatory network
11
cards
gas transport
compensation: explain the effects of respiratory and metabolic compensation to correct acid-base disturbance
23
cards
gas transport
acid-base disturbance: explain the changes in blood gas measurements in acidosis (respiratory / metabolic), alkalosis (respiratory / metabolic) and respiratory failure (type 1 / type 2)
9
cards
gas transport
pH: explain the relationship between pH and hydrogen ion concentration
1
cards
gas transport
Henderson-Hasselbach equation: define and explain the Henderson-Hasselbach equation
2
cards
gas transport
altitude sickness: explain the effects of altitude on oxygen availability, explain the acute and long term compensatory physiological mechanisms to high altitude, explain the pathophysiological cause of high-altitude pulmonary and cerebral oedema, and recall the first line interventions to treat altitude sickness
35
cards
respiratory anatomy
alveoli: recall the cellular layers separating alveolar air from blood, and explain how alveoli and airways resist collapse
2
cards
respiratory anatomy
anatomy of the respiratory tract: recall the structures of the respiratory tract and explain their respiratory and protective functions, including alveoli, bronchioles, trachea, larynx, pharynx and nasal cavities
28
cards
respiratory anatomy
pulmonary circulation: explain the structure and function of the double circulation of the lungs
2
cards
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LSS Respiratory System
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