Primary FRCA Flashcards

https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/16/10/341/2288629

http://www.frca.co.uk/Documents/160%20Respiratory%20physiology%20-%20part%202%20compressed.pdf

AN_BK_22, 23, 24, 25

PB_BK_69 Intracranial pressure: cerebrospinal fluid, blood flow

- PB_BK_65 Neuronal structure and function - PB_BK_66 Resting membrane potential, action potentials, conduction, synaptic mechanisms, actions of neurotransmitters - PB_BK_74 Sense: receptors, nociception, proprioception, sight, taste, smell, hearing, balance, touch, temperature

PB_BK_75 Pain: afferent nociceptive pathways, dorsal horn, peripheral and central mechanisms, neuromodulatory systems, supraspinal mechanisms, visceral pain, neuropathic pain, influence of therapy on nociceptive mechanisms

- PB_BK_07 Definition of pH. Strong and weak acids - PB_BK_08 Acid base balance. Includes buffers, Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and anion gap - PB_BK_09 Ions e.g. Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++, Cl-, HCO3- - PB_BK_54 Regulation of acid-base balance

- PB_BK_12 Capillary dynamics and interstitial fluid; osmosis, filtration and convection - PB_BK_13 Osmolarity: osmolality, partition of fluids across membranes, tonicity - PB_BK_16 Active cellular transport mechanisms PB_BK_53 Regulation of water and electrolyte [Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++, PO4--,] balance; response to fluid loss /hypovolaemia. Role of urea and creatinine measurement.

- PB_BK_49 Structure and function, renal circulation - PB_BK_50 Blood flow and glomerular filtration, plasma clearance and tubulo-glomerular feedback - PB_BK_51 Tubular function and urine formation; transport processes - PB_BK_52 Assessment of renal function

- PR_BK_51 Colloids, including blood and blood products: Composition of preparations; safe use and avoidance of errors - PR_BK_52 Crystalloid fluids: Composition; suitable fluids for maintenance and replacement of losses. Comparison with colloids; unwanted effects

- PB_BK_55 Micturition - PB_BK_56 Pathophysiology of acute renal failure

- PB_BK_14 Lymphatic system - PB_BK_15 Special fluids especially cerebrospinal fluid: also pleural, pericardial and peritoneal fluids

- PB_BK_93 Adrenocortical hormones - PB_BK_94 Adrenal medulla; adrenaline and noradrenaline

- PB_BK_87 Hormonal control of metabolism: regulation of plasma glucose, response to trauma - PB_BK_88 Physiological alterations in starvation, obesity [including normal and abnormal BMI ranges], exercise and the stress response - PB_BK_90 Hormones; types, receptors, heirarchy, extracellular signalling - PB_BK_91 Mechanisms of hormonal control; feedback mechanisms, effects on membrane and intracellular receptors

PB_BK_92 Hypothalamic and pituitary function

PB_BK_96 Thyroid and parathyroid hormones and calcium homeostasis

PB_BK_96 Thyroid and parathyroid hormones and calcium homeostasis

- PB_BK_25 White blood cells: types, origins, characteristics, turnover - PB_BK_26 The inflammatory response, systemic inflammatory responses, hypersensitivity reactions - PB_BK_27 Immunity and allergy; innate vs acquired, non-specific vs specific, humoral vs cellular

### - PB_BK_17 Blood: physical properties, components, functions - PB_BK_18 Red blood cells: production and turnover, haematinics, haemoglobin and its variants including abnormal haemoglobins eg thalassaemia, HbS - PB_BK_19 Anaemia: acute and chronic adaptations – Iron absorption, transportation, metabolism

- PB_BK_21 Blood groups: ABO, Rhesus, others - PB_BK_22 Transfusion reactions; rhesus incompatibility

PB_BK_23 Haemostasis and coagulation, fibrinolysis – including abnormalities, congenital and acquired

- PB_BK_97 Physiological changes associated with pregnancy - PB_BK_98 Materno-fetal, fetal and neonatal circulation - PB_BK_99 Function of placenta; placental transfer

- PB_BK_01 Organization of the human body and control of internal environment - PB_BK_02a Changes at birth and in early life

PB_BK_02b Changes with advancing age

- PB_BK_89 Body temperature and its regulation, [including differences at extremes of age] - PC_BK_81 Measurement of CO2 production, oxygen consumption, respiratory quotient

PB_BK_77 Nausea and vomiting

PB_BK_80 Gastric function; secretions, nausea and vomiting PB_BK_81 Gut motility, sphincters and reflex control – neurohumoral integration PB_BK_82 Digestive functions; composition of secretions; digestion of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals PB_BK_83 Immune functions

- PB_BK_84 Energy homeostasis. Energy balance and nutritional status. Body mass/composition: body mass index, body fat estimation. - PB_BK_85 Principles of nutrition: carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins and minerals. Energy requirements/expenditure and measurement. - PB_BK_86 Metabolic pathways, energy production and enzymes; metabolic rate; lactate metabolism

- PB_BK_78 Functional anatomy and blood supply, immunological functions - PB_BK_79 Metabolic and digestive functions - PB_BK_95 Pancreas; insulin, glucagons and exocrine function

- PB_BK_03 Cells; components and organelles - PB_BK_04 Function of cells; genes and their expression - PB_BK_05 Cell membrane characteristics; cell junctions, receptors - PB_BK_10 Cellular metabolism; aerobic vs anaerobic - PB_BK_11 Enzymes

- PR_BK_03 Drug chemistry: solubility, partition coefficients and movement of drugs through membranes: Lipid solubility; influence of pKa and pH; partition coefficients. Passive and active transport mechanisms - PR_BK_17 Pharmacokinetics: general principles: absorption, distribution and redistribution; elimination, excretion. Chemical properties of drugs and their pharmacokinetics: blood-brain-barrier and placental barrier. Protein binding: plasma and tissue. Body compartments; adipose and vesse

- PR_BK_18 Administration and absorption: routes of administration; first-pass metabolism and bioavailability. Selection of appropriate route. Drug delivery systems: e.g. sustained release, enteric coated, transdermal patch and iontophoretic systems - PR_BK_19 Oral administration: Time-course for systemic appearance; factors e.g. pKa, lipid solubility, active transport. Bioavailability of drugs given orally and its measurement

PR_BK_22 Pharmacokinetic modelling: types of models available: one, two and three-compartment models; non-compartmental; physiological. Pharmacokinetic parameters: volume of distribution, half-life and time constant, clearance

- PR_BK_20 Drug elimination from plasma. Mechanisms: distribution; metabolism; excretion: exhalation; renal; biliary; sweat; breast milk. Factors affecting e.g.: pathological state: renal and hepatic failure; age, including extremes of age; gender; drug interactions. Active and inactive metabolites; pro-drugs. Enzyme induction and inhibition - PR_BK_21 Non-enzymatic drug elimination: Hofmann degradation

PR_BK_05 Mechanisms of drug action: physicochemical; pharmacodynamic; pharmacokinetic: drug-receptor interactions; dose- response and log[dose]-response curves; agonists, partial agonists, antagonists. Reversible and irreversible antagonism. Potency and efficacy

- PR_BK_06 Non-specific drug actions: Physicochemical mechanisms: e.g. adsorption; chelation; neutralization - PR_BK_13 Predictable side effects of drugs: non-selective actions of drugs; action at multiple receptors; multiple anatomical locations; predictable enzyme induction-inhibition - PR_BK_14 Idiosyncratic side effects of drugs: e.g. blood and bone-marrow dyscrasias; pulmonary fibrosis; anti-platelet effects. Anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions: comparison; treatment; identification of

PR_BK_04 Isomers: structural and stereoisomers: classification systems; clinical relevance

- PR_BK_07 Voltage-gated ion channels; membrane-bound transport pumps. Sodium, potassium and calcium channels as targets for drug action - PR_BK_08 Receptors as proteins; ion channels; transmembrane transduction and intermediate messenger systems; intracellular/nuclear receptors. Receptor regulation and tachyphylaxis - PR_BK_09 Transduction systems as receptors: G-protein coupled receptors [GPCRs] and non-GPCR systems - PR_BK_10 Nuclear receptors: Intracellular hormone receptors. e.g. cytoplasmi

- PR_BK_23 Context-sensitive half-time: comparison of drugs e.g. propofol, fentanyl and remifentanil. Target-controlled infusions [TCI] - PR_BK_24 TCI in practice: accuracy, applicability, cost. Variations due to patient differences: predictable and unpredictable

R_BK_27 Volatile and gaseous anaesthetic agents: Structure of available agents. MAC. Clinical effects: CNS [including ICP], CVS, RS. Unwanted effects of individual agents. MH susceptibility; hepatitis risks. Factors affecting onset and offset time. Oil/gas partition coefficient

- PR_BK_28 Intravenous anaesthetic agents: Chemical classes. Properties of an ideal induction agent. Adverse effects on CNS [including effects on ICP], CVS, RS; pharmacokinetics including metabolism - PR_BK_29 Mechanisms of general anaesthetic action

- PR_BK_32 Analgesics. Simple analgesics, NSAIDs and opioids. Available routes of administration; peri-operative prescribing; chronic compared with acute pain prescribing - PR_BK_33 Aspirin and paracetamol. Comparison of structures; indications and contraindications; mechanisms of action. Bioavailability; metabolism; toxicity - PR_BK_34 Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory analgesics: Classification. Mechanism of action. Clinical effects and uses; unwanted effects, contraindications

- PR_BK_32 Analgesics. Simple analgesics, NSAIDs and opioids. Available routes of administration; peri-operative prescribing; chronic compared with acute pain prescribing - PR_BK_35 Opioid analgesics: Receptor classification. Mechanism of action. Inhibitory effects, sites of action on pain pathways. Unwanted effects. Full and partial agonists and partial agonists. Routes of administration

PR_BK_31 Local anaesthetic agents. Additional effects, including anti-arrhythmic effects. Mechanism of action. Clinical factors influencing choice: operative site, patient, available agents. Toxicity syndrome; safe clinical and maximum clinical doses; treatment of overdose

- PC_BK_84 Assessment of neuromuscular blockade - PR_BK_12 Anticholinesterases: Classification of drugs that inhibit acetylcholinesterase and plasma cholinesterase including organophosphates - PR_BK_36 Muscle relaxants. Classification. Sites of action. Properties of an ideal muscle relaxant. Dantrolene and management of MH - PR_BK_37 Depolarizing muscle relaxants: Structure, mechanism of action. Organophosphate poisoning. Adverse effects and contraindications - PR_BK_38 Non-depolarizing muscle r

- PR_BK_40 Drugs and the autonomic nervous system: anatomy; myelinated and unmyelinated nerves; ganglia and rami communicantes. Neurotransmitters. Sites at which drugs can interfere with autonomic transmission - PR_BK_41 Drugs and the sympathetic nervous system: adrenergic receptors and molecular mechanisms of action: Indications for pharmacological use of naturally occurring catecholamines and synthetic analogues. Other classes of drugs active in the sympathetic system: e.g. MAOIs: - PR_BK_42 D

- PR_BK_55 Gastrointestinal system: general: antisialogogues; drugs reducing gastric acidity; drug effects on the GI tract including gastric and bowel motility - PR_BK_56 Antiemetics: Anatomical sites for antiemetic action; central and peripheral inputs to vomiting centre; use of dexamethasone

PR_BK_46 Antiarrhythmics: Classification. Indications for use, including use in resuscitation

PR_BK_66 Antimicrobial agents: general classification: Types of antimicrobial agents: antiviral; antibacterial; antifungal; bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal. Mechanism of action. Indications for use of different classes of antibiotics. Bacterial resistance

- PR_BK_57 Renal system: diuretics: Classification of diuretics. Unwanted effects; indications for use

PR_BK_59 CNS: antidepressants: Classes of drug: anaesthetic relevance

- PR_BK_47 Hypotensive agents: Classes of drugs to produce acute hypotension in theatre. Therapeutic antihypertensive agents: classification according to mechanism of action. Adverse effects of drugs in each class - PR_BK_45 Drugs used in ischaemic heart disease: Classification of drugs used. Mechanisms of drug action. Unstable angina

PR_BK_60 Therapy for diabetes mellitus: Drugs used in type 1 and type 2 diabetes: Insulins: classification of types available; routes of administration; perioperative management. Unwanted effects and risks and therapy of hypo- or hyperglyaemia

- PR_BK_30 Benzodiazepines: classification of action. Clinical actions. Synergism with anaesthetic agents. Antidote in overdose - PR_BK_58 CNS: antiepileptic agents: Mechanisms of action; unwanted side effects

- PR_BK_48 Anticoagulants: oral and parenteral. Sites of action; indications use; monitoring effect. Comparison of heparins: unfractionated and fractionated. Newer anticoagulants - PR_BK_49 Antiplatelet agents. Perioperative management of antiplatelet medication - PR_BK_50 Pro-coagulants: Drugs. Individual factor concentrates; multi-factor preparations including FFP; vitamin K

- PR_BK_61 Hormones: corticosteroids: Indications for use; clinical effects; long-term complications of glucocorticoid use - PR_BK_63 Hormones: treatment of thyroid disorders: Synthesis and release of thyroid hormones. Preparations used in hyper- and hypo- thyroidism

PR_BK_67 Effects of drugs on the eye and vision; includes intra-ocular pressure

- PC_BK_21 Physics of vapours - PC_BK_33 Vapour pressure: saturated vapour pressure - PC_BK_34 Vaporisation: process of vaporisation - PC_BK_35 Vaporisers: principles, including plenum and draw-over, temperature compensation, concentration

PC_BK_67 Breathing systems: Maplesons’ classification, coaxial systems, circle systems, T-piece; resuscitation breathing devices

- PC_BK_23 Manufacture and storage of gases and vapours, safety - PC_BK_24 Cylinders and pipelines, Bourdon gauge

PC_BK_68 Ventilators: principles, including pressure and flow generators, cycling, minute volume dividers, jet and oscillator ventilators

- PC_BK_05 Basic measurement concepts relevant to understanding of monitoring in anaesthesia: • linearity • drift • hysteresis • signal to noise ratio • static and dynamic response - PC_BK_55 Processing, storage, display of physiological measurements - PC_BK_87 Minimum monitoring standards - PC_BK_88 Understanding the limits of monitoring equipment - PC_BK_89 Principles of calibration of monitoring equipment

- PC_BK_76 Pulmonary artery pressure measurement - PC_BK_77 Cardiac output: principles of measurement

- PC_BK_78 Measurement of gas and vapour concentrations: e.g. infra-red, paramagnetic, fuel cell, oxygen electrode, mass spectrometry - PC_BK_79 Measurement of pH, PCO2, PO2 - PC_BK_80 Derived blood gas variables, e.g. HCO3a, HCO3s, BE. Siggaard-Andersen nomogram

PC_BK_75 Blood pressure: direct and indirect measurement

PC_BK_72 Pulse oximetry

PC_BK_52: Amplification of biological signals including BIS

- PC_BK_25 Suction devices - PC_BK_26 Scavenging devices - PC_BK_86 Environmental monitoring: contamination by anaesthetic gases and vapours

PC_BK_30 Measurement of volume and flow in gases and liquids, including pneumotachograph and other respirometers