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Question 1

1. Cotton-wool patches are caused by:
   
   • A) Macular edema
   • B) Neovascularization
   • C) Retinal infarction
   • D) Lipid exudates
   • E) Other

Answer 1

• C) Retinal infarction

Question 2

2. The most common site of ocular metastasis is:
   
   • A) Choroid
   • B) Iris
   • C) Vitreous
   • D) Cornea
   • E) Other

Answer 2

• A) Choroid

Question 3

3. The most common manifestation of temporal arteritis is:
   
   • A) Embolic central retinal artery occlusion
   • B) Uveitis
   • C) Ischemic optic neuropathy
   • D) Cranial motor nerve paralysis

Answer 3

• C) Ischemic optic neuropathy

Question 4

4. The hallmark of malignant hypertension is:
   
   • A) Cotton-wool patches
   • B) Lipid exudates
   • C) Flame-shaped hemorrhages
   • D) Optic disc swelling
   • E) All of the above

Answer 4

• D) Optic disc swelling

Question 5

5. An autoimmune disorder affecting the acetylcholine receptors, causing a conduction defect at the neuromuscular junction is:
   
   • A) Rheumatoid arthritis
   • B) Hyperthyroidism
   • C) Ankylosing Spondylitis
   • D) Myasthenia Gravis
   • E) Multiple Sclerosis

Answer 5

• D) Myasthenia Gravis

Question 6

6. The most common ocular manifestation in patients with connective tissue disorder is:
   
   • A) Dry Eye Syndrome
   • B) Iritis
   • C) Scleritis
   • D) Peripheral corneal ulceration
   • E) Episcleritis

Answer 6

• A) Dry Eye Syndrome

Question 7

7. The most common ocular manifestation of intracranial hypertension is:
   
   • A) Cotton-wool patches
   • B) Systemic lupus erythematosus
   • C) Papilledema
   • D) Lipid exudates
   • E) Vitreitis

Answer 7

• C) Papilledema

Question 8

8. Optic neuritis may be an initial manifestation of:
   
   • A) Giant cell arteritis
   • B) Systemic lupus erythematosus
   • C) Multiple sclerosis
   • D) Ankylosing spondylitis
   • E) Graves’ disease

Answer 8

• C) Multiple sclerosis

Question 9

9. The most common severe manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is:
   
   • A) Dysfunctional Tear Syndrome
   • B) Scleritis
   • C) Peripheral corneal ulceration
   • D) Retinopathy and optic neuropathy
   • E) None of the above

Answer 9

• D) Retinopathy and optic neuropathy

Question 10

10. A transient ischemic attack involving the ocular circulation is:
    
    • A) Central retinal vein occlusion
    • B) Amaurosis fugax
    • C) Hypertensive retinopathy
    • D) Optic neuritis

Answer 10

• B) Amaurosis fugax

Question 11

1. In the elderly, the most common source of emboli to the ophthalmic or retinal arteries is:
   
   • A) Calcified heart valves
   • B) Fibrin-platelet or cholesterol-laden carotid plaque
   • C) Fibrin-platelet emboli from mitral valve prolapse
   • D) Talc

Answer 11

• C) Fibrin-platelet emboli from mitral valve prolapse

Question 12

2. Central retinal vein occlusion is associated with all of the following EXCEPT:
   
   • A) Ophthalmoscopic examination revealing intraretinal hemorrhages and cotton-wool spots
   • B) Association with open-angle glaucoma
   • C) Association with neovascularization of the iris and retina
   • D) Sudden painful loss of vision

Answer 12

• D) Sudden painful loss of vision

Question 13

3. Retinal vasculitis is present in all of the following EXCEPT:
   
   • A) Thyroid ophthalmopathy
   • B) Systemic lupus erythematosus
   • C) HIV
   • D) Periarteritis Nodosa

Answer 13

• A) Thyroid ophthalmopathy

Question 14

4. A characteristic ophthalmoscopic feature of central retinal artery occlusion is:
   
   • A) Cotton-wool patches
   • B) Pigment in the shape of a bull’s eye in the macula
   • C) Flame-shaped hemorrhage in the macula
   • D) A cherry-red spot at the macula

Answer 14

• D) A cherry-red spot at the macula

Question 15

5. Iritis in juvenile arthritis:
   
   • A) Is associated with the polyarticular form of the disease
   • B) Correlates well with the severity of the systemic signs
   • C) Can lead to cataract formation and band keratopathy
   • D) Classically occurs late in the disease and causes few complications

Answer 15

• C) Can lead to cataract formation and band keratopathy

Question 16

6. Myasthenia Gravis:
   
   • A) May present with ptosis and diplopia, especially if variable and worsening with fatigue
   • B) Is associated with thyroid ophthalmopathy
   • C) Is associated with temporal arteritis
   • D) Is associated with cranial nerve I palsy

Answer 16

• A) May present with ptosis and diplopia, especially if variable and worsening with fatigue

Question 17

7. Acute painful loss of vision in one or both eyes is most commonly caused by:
   
   • A) Ischemic optic neuropathy
   • B) Central retinal vein occlusion
   • C) Central retinal artery occlusion
   • D) Optic neuritis

Answer 17

• D) Optic neuritis

Question 18

8. Extraocular muscle enlargement secondary to lymphocytic infiltration is associated with:
   
   • A) Myasthenia Gravis
   • B) Thyroid Ophthalmopathy
   • C) Rheumatoid Arthritis
   • D) Ankylosing Spondylitis

Answer 18

• B) Thyroid Ophthalmopathy

Question 19

9. Cotton-wool patches are commonly seen in all of the following EXCEPT:
   
   • A) Systemic Hypertension
   • B) Diabetes Mellitus
   • C) Rheumatoid Arthritis
   • D) Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Answer 19

• C) Rheumatoid Arthritis

Question 20

10. A sign of chronic systemic hypertension resulting from abnormal vascular permeability is:
    
    • A) Flame-shaped hemorrhages
    • B) Silver-wiring of retinal arterioles
    • C) Optic disc swelling
    • D) Lipid exudates

Answer 20

• D) Lipid exudates

Question 21

1. Neoplasms arising from uveal tissue give rise to:
   
   • A) Metastatic carcinoma
   • B) Primary ocular melanoma
   • C) Large cell lymphomas
   • D) Rhabdomyosarcoma

Answer 21

• B) Primary ocular melanoma

Question 22

2. Neoplasms may have their initial manifestation in the vitreous cavity of elderly individuals, including:
   
   • A) Primary ocular melanoma
   • B) Retinoblastoma
   • C) Large cell lymphomas
   • D) Metastatic carcinoma

Answer 22

• C) Large cell lymphomas

Question 23

3. Characterized by active inflammation with redness and severe pain, and can progress to necrosis and subsequent perforation of the eyeball:
   
   • A) Iritis
   • B) Episcleritis
   • C) Scleritis
   • D) Retinitis

Answer 23

• C) Scleritis

Question 24

4. An 80-year-old male with complaints of persistent ptosis and diplopia in the left eye noted a few hours prior to consultation. What is your tentative diagnosis?
   
   • A) Myasthenia Gravis
   • B) Temporal Arteritis
   • C) Multiple Sclerosis
   • D) Periarteritis Nodosa

Answer 24

• A) Myasthenia Gravis

Question 25

5. **A 12-year-old girl with complaints of loss of vision in the left eye. Fundoscopy shows retinal vein dilation, retinal and pre-retinal hemorrhages, and optic disc edema. What is your initial consideration?** - A) Blood Dyscrasia - B) Cataract - C) Uveitis - D) Central Retinal Vein Occlusion

Answer 25

- D) Central Retinal Vein Occlusion

Question 26

6. **Sudden loss of vision may occur with:** - A) Cataract - B) Uveitis - C) Central Retinal Vein Occlusion - D) Glaucoma

Answer 26

- C) Central Retinal Vein Occlusion

Question 27

7. **A 55-year-old woman presents with complaints of three episodes of transient visual loss in her eye over the past month. These episodes lasted only a few seconds or minutes and were unassociated with other symptoms. The most likely diagnosis is:** - A) Ischemic Optic Neuropathy - B) Amaurosis Fugax - C) Hypertensive Retinopathy - D) Giant Cell Arteritis

Answer 27

- B) Amaurosis Fugax

Question 28

8. **The systemic disease she is most likely to have is:** - A) Carcinoma - B) Arteriosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease - C) Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - D) Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 28

- B) Arteriosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease

Question 29

9. **Funduscopy of a 58-year-old female with a 10-year history of diabetes mellitus reveals flame-shaped hemorrhages, lipid exudates, and isolated microaneurysms. What is your diagnosis?** - A) Early Non-Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy - B) Advanced Non-Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy - C) Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy - D) Vitreous Hemorrhage

Answer 29

- A) Early Non-Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy

Question 30

10. **What is the pathophysiology of her condition?** - A) Retinal Vascular Leakage - B) Macular Edema - C) Detachment of the Macula - D) Fibrous Proliferation

Answer 30

- A) Retinal Vascular Leakage