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Question 1

Alkane → Haloalkane

Answer 1

Reagents: Halogen (Cl₂ or Br₂) | Conditions: UV light | Mechanism: Free radical substitution

Question 2

Alkene → Alkane

Answer 2

Reagents: H₂ | Conditions: Nickel catalyst, 150°C | Mechanism: Electrophilic addition (Hydrogenation)

Question 3

Alkene → Haloalkane

Answer 3

Reagents: HX (e.g., HBr) | Conditions: Room temperature | Mechanism: Electrophilic addition

Question 4

Alkene → Dihaloalkane

Answer 4

Reagents: X₂ (e.g., Br₂) | Conditions: Room temperature | Mechanism: Electrophilic addition

Question 5

Alkene → Alcohol

Answer 5

Reagents: Steam (H₂O) | Conditions: Conc. H₃PO₄ catalyst, high temp and pressure | Mechanism: Electrophilic addition (Hydration)

Question 6

Alcohol → Alkene

Answer 6

Reagents: Concentrated H₂SO₄ or H₃PO₄ | Conditions: Heat under reflux | Mechanism: Elimination (Dehydration)

Question 7

Alcohol → Haloalkane

Answer 7

Reagents: NaX + conc. H₂SO₄ | Conditions: Heat under reflux | Mechanism: Nucleophilic substitution

Question 8

Haloalkane → Alcohol

Answer 8

Reagents: Aqueous NaOH | Conditions: Heat under reflux | Mechanism: Nucleophilic substitution

Question 9

Haloalkane → Amine

Answer 9

Reagents: Excess NH₃ (ethanolic) | Conditions: Heat under pressure | Mechanism: Nucleophilic substitution

Question 10

Primary Alcohol → Aldehyde

Answer 10

Reagents: Acidified potassium dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇/H₂SO₄) | Conditions: Distillation | Mechanism: Oxidation

Question 11

Primary Alcohol → Carboxylic Acid

Answer 11

Reagents: Acidified potassium dichromate | Conditions: Heat under reflux | Mechanism: Oxidation

Question 12

Secondary Alcohol → Ketone

Answer 12

Reagents: Acidified potassium dichromate | Conditions: Heat under reflux | Mechanism: Oxidation

Question 13

Aldehyde → Carboxylic Acid

Answer 13

Reagents: Acidified potassium dichromate | Conditions: Heat under reflux | Mechanism: Oxidation

Question 14

Aldehyde/Ketone → Alcohol

Answer 14

Reagents: NaBH₄ | Conditions: Aqueous solution | Mechanism: Nucleophilic addition

Question 15

Aldehyde/Ketone → Hydroxynitrile

Answer 15

Reagents: HCN (NaCN + H₂SO₄) | Conditions: Room temperature | Mechanism: Nucleophilic addition

Question 16

Carboxylic Acid → Ester

Answer 16

Reagents: Alcohol + conc. H₂SO₄ | Conditions: Heat | Mechanism: Esterification (Condensation)

Question 17

Ester → Carboxylic Acid (Acid Hydrolysis)

Answer 17

Reagents: Dilute HCl or H₂SO₄ | Conditions: Heat under reflux | Mechanism: Hydrolysis

Question 18

Ester → Carboxylate Salt + Alcohol (Base Hydrolysis)

Answer 18

Reagents: Aqueous NaOH | Conditions: Heat under reflux | Mechanism: Hydrolysis

Question 19

Acyl Chloride → Carboxylic Acid

Answer 19

Reagents: H₂O | Conditions: Room temperature | Mechanism: Nucleophilic addition-elimination

Question 20

Acyl Chloride → Ester

Answer 20

Reagents: Alcohol | Conditions: Room temperature | Mechanism: Nucleophilic addition-elimination

Question 21

Acyl Chloride → Amide

Answer 21

Reagents: NH₃ or amine | Conditions: Room temperature | Mechanism: Nucleophilic addition-elimination

Question 22

Benzene → Nitrobenzene

Answer 22

Reagents: Concentrated HNO₃ + conc. H₂SO₄ | Conditions: 50°C | Mechanism: Electrophilic substitution (Nitration)

Question 23

Benzene → Bromobenzene

Answer 23

Reagents: Br₂ + AlBr₃ catalyst (or FeBr₃) | Conditions: Room temperature | Mechanism: Electrophilic substitution (Halogenation)

Question 24

Benzene → Alkylbenzene (Friedel-Crafts Alkylation)

Answer 24

Reagents: Haloalkane + AlCl₃ catalyst | Conditions: Room temperature | Mechanism: Electrophilic substitution

Question 25

Benzene → Acylbenzene (Friedel-Crafts Acylation)

Answer 25

Reagents: Acyl chloride + AlCl₃ catalyst | Conditions: Room temperature | Mechanism: Electrophilic substitution

Question 26

Phenol → 2,4,6-tribromophenol

Answer 26

Reagents: Aqueous Br₂ | Conditions: Room temperature | Mechanism: Electrophilic substitution

Question 27

Phenol → Sodium Phenoxide

Answer 27

Reagents: NaOH (aqueous) | Conditions: Room temperature | Mechanism: Acid-base reaction

Question 28

Phenol → Ester (with acid anhydride)

Answer 28

Reagents: Acid anhydride (e.g., ethanoic anhydride) | Conditions: Room temperature | Mechanism: Nucleophilic addition-elimination

Question 29

Carbonyl (Aldehyde/Ketone) Test with 2,4-DNPH

Answer 29

Reagents: 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine | Conditions: Room temperature | Mechanism: Condensation reaction (Orange precipitate formed)

Question 30

Aldehyde Test with Tollens’ Reagent

Answer 30

Reagents: Tollens' reagent (Ag⁺ in ammonia) | Conditions: Warm gently | Result: Silver mirror forms