1
Q
Pathology
A
Study of disease and the associated changes at the levels of cells, tissues, and organs.
2
Q
General Pathology
A
Focuses on the cellular and tissue alterations caused by pathologic stimuli in most tissues.
3
Q
Systemic Pathology
A
Examines the reactions and abnormalities of different specialized organs.
4
Q
Clinical Pathology
A
Deals with chemical and cellular analysis of blood and other body fluids and identification of microbes and parasites.
5
Q
Anatomic Pathology
A
Processing and examination of surgical specimens as to physical appearance and microscopic structure of tissues.
6
Q
Molecular Pathology
A
Analysis of genes, proteins and other molecules to diagnose disease or guide prevention and treatment.
7
Q
Signs
A
Objective evidence, measurable, physical observation.
8
Q
Symptoms
A
Subjective evidence, perceived by the patient.
9
Q
Etiology
A
Origin of a disease including underlying causes and modifying factors.
10
Q
Pathogenesis
A
Steps/sequence in the development of disease.
11
Q
Aplasia
A
Incomplete or defective development of tissue or organ bearing no resemblance to the adult structure.
12
Q
Agenesia
A
Complete non-appearance of the organ.
13
Q
Hypoplasia
A
Failure of organ to reach its adult size due to incomplete development.
14
Q
Atresia
A
Failure of an organ to form an opening.
15
Q
Atrophy
A
Acquired decrease in size of normal mature tissue or organ.
16
Q
Hypertrophy
A
Increase in size of tissues/organs due to increase in size of individual cells.
17
Q
Hyperplasia
A
Increase in size due to increase in number of cells.
18
Q
Metaplasia
A
Replacement of one type of cell to another, reversible, prone to malignancy.
19
Q
Dysplasia
A
Disordered growth, variation in size, shape and orientation of cells.
20
Q
Anaplasia
A
Regressive change in adult’s cells towards a more primitive or embryonic cell type.
21
Q
Neoplasia
A
Continuous abnormal proliferation of cells without control.
22
Q
Cell Injury
A
Results when cells are stressed so severely or suffer intrinsic abnormalities and can no longer adapt.
23
Q
Necrosis
A
Pathologic cell death due to severe damage to membranes causing enzyme leakage.
24
Q
Apoptosis
A
Normal programmed cell death; cell kills itself when damaged beyond repair.
25
Coagulative Necrosis
Tissues take on a firm texture with rapid coagulation of cytoplasm.
26
Liquefactive Necrosis
Rapid total enzymatic dissolution of cells, seen in bacterial or fungal infections.
27
Gangrenous Necrosis
Massive necrosis due to loss of blood supply and bacterial infection.
28
Caseous Necrosis
Often due to tuberculosis, cheese-like appearance of tissue.
29
Fat Necrosis
Due to release of activated pancreatic lipase into tissues; fat saponification may occur.
30
Fibrinoid Necrosis
Immunologically mediated with antigen-antibody complexes and fibrin in arterial walls.
31
Labile Tissues
Cells continuously lost and replaced; readily regenerate.
32
Stable Tissues
Inactive cells capable of proliferating in response to injury or loss.
33
Permanent Tissues
Terminally differentiated and non-proliferative post-natal cells.
34
Regeneration
Proliferation of residual/uninjured cells that retain capacity to divide.
35
Scar Formation
Laying down of connective tissue resulting in a scar.
36
Healing by First Intention
Healing of clean, uninfected surgical incision with minimal disruption.
37
Healing by Second Intention
Extensive tissue loss, regeneration plus scar formation with more intense inflammation.
38
Pyknosis
Nuclear shrinkage and increased basophilia; DNA condenses into a solid shrunken mass.
39
Karyorrhexis
Pyknotic nucleus undergoes fragmentation.
40
Karyolysis
Basophilia of the chromatin fades; dissolution of nucleus.
41
Factors Influencing Tissue Repair
Infection, nutrition, glucocorticoids, mechanical variables, poor perfusion, foreign bodies, location of injury, aberrations of cell growth.
42
Extracellular Matrix
Complex of several proteins that assembles into a network that surrounds cells, supplies substrate for adhesion and reservoir for growth factors.
43
Growth Factors
Proteins that stimulate survival and proliferation of particular cells.
44
G1 Phase
Stage when mRNAs and proteins for DNA synthesis are synthesized.
45
S Phase
Replication of nuclear DNA.
46
G2 Phase
Correctness of DNA synthesized is assessed.
47
Mitotic Phase
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.
48
Stem Cells
Cells with self-renewal and asymmetric replication; can be embryonic (pluripotent) or adult (limited potential).
49
Calor
Heat due to increased blood flow.
50
Rubor
Redness due to increased blood content.
51
Tumor
Swelling due to increased capillary permeability.
52
Dolor
Pain due to nerve damage or pressure.
53
Functio Laesa
Loss of function due to pain or tissue destruction.
54
Exudates
High protein fluid or blood cells escaping into extravascular tissue.
55
Serous Inflammation
Outpouring of watery, low-protein fluid.
56
Fibrinous Inflammation
Exudation of large amounts of fibrinogen and precipitation of fibrin masses.
57
Hemorrhagic Inflammation
Exudate plus blood.
58
Purulent Inflammation
Pus or purulent exudates.
59
Catarrhal Inflammation
Hyper-secretion of mucosa with degenerative changes in epithelium; mucus main component.
60
Granulomatous Inflammation
Chronic inflammation characterized by activated macrophages attempting to contain an offending agent difficult to eradicate.
61
Pathology
Study of disease and the associated changes at the levels of cells, tissues, and organs.
62
General Pathology
Focuses on the cellular and tissue alterations caused by pathologic stimuli in most tissues.
63
Systemic Pathology
Examines the reactions and abnormalities of different specialized organs.
64
Clinical Pathology
Deals with chemical and cellular analysis of blood and other body fluids and identification of microbes and parasites.
65
Anatomic Pathology
Processing and examination of surgical specimens as to physical appearance and microscopic structure of tissues.
66
Molecular Pathology
Analysis of genes, proteins and other molecules to diagnose disease or guide prevention and treatment.
67
Signs
Objective evidence, measurable, physical observation.
68
Symptoms
Subjective evidence, perceived by the patient.
69
Etiology
Origin of a disease including underlying causes and modifying factors.
70
Pathogenesis
Steps/sequence in the development of disease.
71
Aplasia
Incomplete or defective development of tissue or organ bearing no resemblance to the adult structure.
72
Agenesia
Complete non-appearance of the organ.
73
Hypoplasia
Failure of organ to reach its adult size due to incomplete development.
74
Atresia
Failure of an organ to form an opening.
75
Atrophy
Acquired decrease in size of normal mature tissue or organ.
76
Hypertrophy
Increase in size of tissues/organs due to increase in size of individual cells.
77
Hyperplasia
Increase in size due to increase in number of cells.
78
Metaplasia
Replacement of one type of cell to another, reversible, prone to malignancy.
79
Dysplasia
Disordered growth, variation in size, shape and orientation of cells.
80
Anaplasia
Regressive change in adult’s cells towards a more primitive or embryonic cell type.
81
Neoplasia
Continuous abnormal proliferation of cells without control.
82
Cell Injury
Results when cells are stressed so severely or suffer intrinsic abnormalities and can no longer adapt.
83
Necrosis
Pathologic cell death due to severe damage to membranes causing enzyme leakage.
84
Apoptosis
Normal programmed cell death; cell kills itself when damaged beyond repair.
85
Coagulative Necrosis
Tissues take on a firm texture with rapid coagulation of cytoplasm.
86
Liquefactive Necrosis
Rapid total enzymatic dissolution of cells, seen in bacterial or fungal infections.
87
Gangrenous Necrosis
Massive necrosis due to loss of blood supply and bacterial infection.
88
Caseous Necrosis
Often due to tuberculosis, cheese-like appearance of tissue.
89
Fat Necrosis
Due to release of activated pancreatic lipase into tissues; fat saponification may occur.
90
Fibrinoid Necrosis
Immunologically mediated with antigen-antibody complexes and fibrin in arterial walls.
91
Labile Tissues
Cells continuously lost and replaced; readily regenerate.
92
Stable Tissues
Inactive cells capable of proliferating in response to injury or loss.
93
Permanent Tissues
Terminally differentiated and non-proliferative post-natal cells.
94
Regeneration
Proliferation of residual/uninjured cells that retain capacity to divide.
95
Scar Formation
Laying down of connective tissue resulting in a scar.
96
Healing by First Intention
Healing of clean, uninfected surgical incision with minimal disruption.
97
Healing by Second Intention
Extensive tissue loss, regeneration plus scar formation with more intense inflammation.
98
Pyknosis
Nuclear shrinkage and increased basophilia; DNA condenses into a solid shrunken mass.
99
Karyorrhexis
Pyknotic nucleus undergoes fragmentation.
100
Karyolysis
Basophilia of the chromatin fades; dissolution of nucleus.
101
Factors Influencing Tissue Repair
Infection, nutrition, glucocorticoids, mechanical variables, poor perfusion, foreign bodies, location of injury, aberrations of cell growth.
102
Extracellular Matrix
Complex of several proteins that assembles into a network that surrounds cells, supplies substrate for adhesion and reservoir for growth factors.
103
Growth Factors
Proteins that stimulate survival and proliferation of particular cells.
104
G1 Phase
Stage when mRNAs and proteins for DNA synthesis are synthesized.
105
S Phase
Replication of nuclear DNA.
106
G2 Phase
Correctness of DNA synthesized is assessed.
107
Mitotic Phase
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.
108
Stem Cells
Cells with self-renewal and asymmetric replication; can be embryonic (pluripotent) or adult (limited potential).
109
Calor
Heat due to increased blood flow.
110
Rubor
Redness due to increased blood content.
111
Tumor
Swelling due to increased capillary permeability.
112
Dolor
Pain due to nerve damage or pressure.
113
Functio Laesa
Loss of function due to pain or tissue destruction.
114
Exudates
High protein fluid or blood cells escaping into extravascular tissue.
115
Serous Inflammation
Outpouring of watery, low-protein fluid.
116
Fibrinous Inflammation
Exudation of large amounts of fibrinogen and precipitation of fibrin masses.
117
Hemorrhagic Inflammation
Exudate plus blood.
118
Purulent Inflammation
Pus or purulent exudates.
119
Catarrhal Inflammation
Hyper-secretion of mucosa with degenerative changes in epithelium; mucus main component.
120
Granulomatous Inflammation
Chronic inflammation characterized by activated macrophages attempting to contain an offending agent difficult to eradicate.
Histopathology & Cytologic Techniques
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