01a: Basics

Question 1

Which NTs are considered catecholamines?

Answer 1

NE, DA, Epi

Question 2

Anterograde transport in neurons carried out by (X). And retrograde transport by (Y).

Answer 2

X = kinesin
Y = dynein

Question 3

DA is (short/long)-range NT originating from which areas in brainstem?

Answer 3

Long;

Substantia nigra and VTA (ventral tegmental area)

Question 4

List the three major distribution pathways of dopamine.

Answer 4

1. Mesostriatal
2. Mesolimbic
3. Mesocortical

Question 5

(X) dopaminergic pathway regulates movement via (exciting/inhibiting) (X) regions (caudate, putamen).

Answer 5

X = mesostriatal

Exciting
X = extra-pyramidal

Question 6

(X) dopaminergic pathway regulates affect, reward, emotion by projecting to (Y).

Answer 6

X = mesolimbic

Y = Medial temporal lobe, cingulate cortex, amygdala

Question 7

(X) dopaminergic pathway regulates cognition (working memory) by distributing to (Y).

Answer 7

X = mesocortical
Y = neocortex (prefrontal cortex exclusively)

Question 8

T/F: Dopamine synthesized from NE.

Answer 8

False - vice versa

Question 9

(DA/NE/ACh/Glu) important in attention and maintaining wakefulness.

Answer 9

NE

Question 10

T/F: Both DA and NE synthesized from Tryptophan.

Answer 10

False - from Tyrosine

SA is derived from Tryptophan

Question 11

Raphe nuclei responsible for (X) neurons and are found in (lateral/midline) brainstem.

Answer 11

X = serotonergic

Midline

Question 12

Rostral raphe nuclei project to (X) to control (Y).

Answer 12

X = forebrain
Y = mood and emotion

Question 13

Caudal raphe nuclei project to (X) to control (Y).

Answer 13

X = cerebellum, medulla, SC
Y = pain perception

Question 14

Histamine is found in (X) location in brain and projects to (Y).

Answer 14

X = hypothalamus (tuberomamillary nucleus)
Y = forebrain, cerebellum, pons

Question 15

(X) biogenic amine (NT) has important long-range projections to forebrain to maintain alert state.

Answer 15

X = His

Question 16

Opioid-producing cells mainly found in (X) region(s) of brain/SC.

Answer 16

X = PAG and posterior horn of SC

Question 17

Axons in periphery: collections of nerve fibers are bundled together in fascicles and surrounded by (X), composed of multiple layers of:

Answer 17

X = perineurium

Perineurial cells interconnected with tight junctions (blood-nerve barrier)

Question 18

Which cells are allowed in the peripheral nerve fascicle? Star the most abundant of these.

Answer 18

1. Schwann cells* (90%)
2. Mast cells
3. Fibroblasts
4. Macrophages

Question 19

List the connective tissue elements present in peripheral nerve fascicle.

Answer 19

1. Basal (external) laminae around Schwann cells

2. Endoneurial fibers (collagen) - bind basal laminae together

Question 20

T/F: Anterograde (Wallerian) degeneration causes axonal/terminal disintegration a few days post-injury.

Answer 20

False - within first 24 hours

Question 21

List the morphological changes in cell body after axonal transection.

Answer 21

1. Peripheral movement of nucleus
2. Dissolution of Nissl bodies
3. Stripping of synapse from dendrites/cell body

Question 22

Peripheral neuron recovery from injury involves growth factors secreted by (X) that attract sprouting axons.

Answer 22

X = Schwann cells of new distal tube

Question 23

Peripheral neuron recovery from injury: the tips of the neuritic sprouts LOVE (X).

Answer 23

X = laminin (major glycoprotien of external lamina)

Question 24

Peripheral neuron recovery from injury: traumatic neuroma occurs if…

Answer 24

Sprouting axon (from proximal segment) can’t reach Schwann cell tubes (at distal segment)

Question 25

Regeneration of central nerves is extremely rare due to lack of:

Answer 25

ECM (external lamina) to guide axon sprouts

Question 26

Regeneration of central nerves is extremely rare due to presence of:

Answer 26

Central myelin (potent inhibitor of axonal growth)

Question 27

(X) cells in CNS clear myelin (quicker/slower) than peripheral macrophages do, thus contributing to poor central nerve regeneration.

Answer 27

X = microglial | Slower

Question 28

(X) cells in CNS wall off injured area, contributing to poor regeneration.

Answer 28

X = astrocytes

Question 29

Consciousness, the components of which include (X) and (Y), depends on integrity of physio mechanisms that originate in which part of brain?

Answer 29

``` X = arousal Y = attention ``` Reticular formation (and other structures between hypothalamus and mid-pons)

Question 30

Patient with Sx of indifference, abulia (low willpower), apathy likely has damage to (X) part of frontal lobe.

Answer 30

X = dorsolateral convexity and medial frontal lobes

Question 31

Patient with Sx of disinhibition, irritability, lability, poor judgement likely has damage to (X) part of frontal lobe.

Answer 31

X = orbitofrontal area (ex: Phineas Gage)

Question 32

Presence of inappropriate reflexes (grasp, rooting, glabellar, etc) in adult is referred to as (X) sign and reflects (focal/diffuse) cerebral disturbance.

Answer 32

X = frontal release | Diffuse (throughout frontal lobes)

Question 33

Broca's usually result of (X) affecting (Y) artery territory.

Answer 33

``` X = stroke Y = MCA ```

Question 34

(X) aphasia may be accompanied by "pie in the sky" visual field cut.

Answer 34

X = Wernicke's

Question 35

T/F: Wernicke's aphasia commonly a result of embolic stroke.

Answer 35

True

Question 36

(X) aphasia characterized by prominent repetition deficit with relatively normal spontaneous speech/comprehension. Where is the lesion?

Answer 36

X = conduction Arcuate fasciculus (white matter connecting Wernicke's to Broca's

Question 37

(X) aphasia characterized by intact repetition with marked reduction in amount/complexity of spontaneous speech. Where is the lesion?

Answer 37

X = transcortical Cortex surrounding Wernicke's and/or Broca's

Question 38

Transcortical aphasia: reading comprehension (lost/preserved) and auditory comprehension (lost/preserved).

Answer 38

Both relatively preserved

Question 39

T/F: Transcortical sensory aphasia is characterized by impaired auditory comprehension and preserved repetition.

Answer 39

True

Question 40

Anomia is inability to (X).

Answer 40

X = generate names (common symptom in all forms of aphasia)

Question 41

Alexia with agraphia is seen without aphasia when the lesion is located at:

Answer 41

Temporal-parietal region (esp angular gyrus)

Question 42

Alexia without agraphia is seen when the lesion is located at:

Answer 42

L (dominant) visual cortex and splenium of CC

Question 43

Alexia without agraphia: which visual defect is present?

Answer 43

R homonymous hemianopsia (entire R visual field blank)

Question 44

Alexia without agraphia: patients can see words via (R/L) hemisphere, which reaches (R/L) visual cortex. So why can't they read?

Answer 44

L; R Can't cross over (damaged CC splenium) to L cortex (needed to process language)

Question 45

Korsakoff's syndrome clinical features:

Answer 45

1. Anterograde and "patchy" retrograde amnesia | 2. Confabulation

Question 46

T/F: EtOH toxicity directly causes Korsakoff's.

Answer 46

False - vit B deficiency in alcoholics

Question 47

Location of lesions seen in Korsakoff's syndrome.

Answer 47

Diencephalon and frontal lobes (bilateral with atrophy of mammillary bodies)

Question 48

Wernicke's encephalopathy is associated with (X) deficiency and lesions in (Y).

Answer 48

``` X = thiamine (vit B1) Y = medial hypothalamus and mammillary bodies ```

Question 49

Wernicke's encephalopathy triad:

Answer 49

1. Confusional state 2. Oculomotor dysfxn 3. Ataxia

Question 50

What's apraxia?

Answer 50

Inability to perform movement despite intact sensory and motor function

Question 51

What's agnosia?

Answer 51

Failure to recognize/ID stimulus

Question 52

What's astereognosis?

Answer 52

Failure of tactile recognition (associated with parietal lesions of contralateral hemisphere)

Question 53

What's prosopagnosia?

Answer 53

Inability to recognize faces (temporal or occipital lesions, usually bilaterally)