02a: Neck Triangles

Question 1

SCM attachments.

Answer 1

Sternum, clavicle, mastoid process (temporal bone)

Question 2

SCM nerve innervation.

Answer 2

Accessory (CN XI)

Question 3

SCM actions

Answer 3

Unilat: ipsilateral lat flexion and contralateral rotation
Bilateral: Cervical flexion

Question 4

List scalene muscles.

Answer 4

Anterior, posterior, middle

Question 5

Scalene muscles are (superficial/deep) to SCM.

Answer 5

Deep

Question 6

Scalene attachments.

Answer 6

From: Transverse processes of cervical vertebrae

To: first two ribs

Question 7

Scalene actions

Answer 7

(Bilaterally) Assist in neck flexion and raise first two ribs

Question 8

Scalene nerve innervation

Answer 8

Ventral rami of cervical nerves

Question 9

List the suprahyoid muscles.

Answer 9

1. Mylohyoid
2. Digastric
3. Stylohyoid
4. Geniohyoid

Question 10

List infrahyoid muscles.

Answer 10

1. Omohyoid
2. Sternothyroid
3. Sternohyoid
4. Thyrohyoid

Question 11

Visceral layer of neck includes which gland(s)?

Answer 11

Thyroid and parathyroid

Question 12

Thyroid gland produces (X) which functions to:

Answer 12

X =

1. Thyroid hormone (controls metabolism rate)
2. Calcitonin hormone (controls Ca metabolism)

Question 13

Parathyroid gland produces (X) which functions to:

Answer 13

X = Parathyroid hormone (regulates Ca metabolism)

Question 14

Platysma attaches to (X) tissue of (supra/infra)-clavicular regions.

Answer 14

X = subcutaneous

Both (supra and infra clavicular regions)

Question 15

Superior attachments of platysma include:

Answer 15

1. Base of mandible
2. cheek skin
3. angle of mouth
4. Orbicularis oris

Question 16

Superior attachments of platysma have which actions?

Answer 16

Tense skin, producing vertical skin ridges

Question 17

Inferior attachments of platysma have which actions?

Answer 17

Depress mandible and draw corners of mouth inferiorly (grimace)

Question 18

Platysma nerve innervation

Answer 18

Cervical branch of facial nerve

Question 19

Cervical plexus roots.

Answer 19

Anterior rami C1-4

Question 20

There are (X) number of cutaneous branches and (Y) number of motor branches off cervical plexus.

Answer 20

X = 4
Y = 2

Question 21

List cutaneous branches off cervical plexus.

Answer 21

1. Transverse cervical
2. Greater auricular
3. Lesser occipital
4. Supraclavicular

Question 22

List motor branches off cervical plexus.

Answer 22

1. Ansa cervicalis

2. Phrenic

Question 23

Ansa cervicalis innervates:

Answer 23

Infrahyoid muscles

Question 24

Cutaneous nerves off cervical plexus innervate which area(s)?

Answer 24

1. Side of neck
2. Top of shoulder
3. Lower part of face
4. Skull behind ear

Question 25

Cervical plexus branches emerge from "(X)", which is at the (Y) border of which muscle?

Answer 25

``` X = Erb's point Y = (middle of) posterior ``` SCM

Question 26

Which nerve(s) emerge from the same location as the branches of cervical plexus?

Answer 26

Accessory nerve (CN XI)

Question 27

(X) is the first layer of cervical fascia. What does this layer contain?

Answer 27

X = superficial cervical fascia Cutaneous nerves, blood/lymph vessels, superficial lymph nodes, fat, and platysma (anteriorly)

Question 28

List the layers of the deep cervical fascia.

Answer 28

1. Superficial (investing) 2. Pretracheal 3. Prevertebral

Question 29

Superficial (investing) fascia encloses which structure(s)?

Answer 29

Traps and SCM

Question 30

The (X) layer of cervical fascia extends inferiorly and blends with fibrous pericardium of heart.

Answer 30

X = pretracheal

Question 31

The pretracheal layer of deep cervical fascia encloses which structure(s)?

Answer 31

1. Infrahyoid muscles (in muscular layer) | 2. Thyroid gland and trachea (in visceral layer)

Question 32

The (X) fascia is the thin, (anterior/posterior) lamina of pretrachial fascia. It separates:

Answer 32

X = buccopharyngeal Posterior; Separates esophagus from prevertebral fascia

Question 33

(X) fascia is large sheath enclosing scaliness, deep back muscles, vertebrae, etc. It also contributes to (anterior/posterior) portion of (Y).

Answer 33

X = prevertebral Posterior; Y = carotid sheath

Question 34

The prevertebral fascia splits (anteriorly/posteriorly/laterally) into which laminae? Star the most anterior.

Answer 34

Anteriorly; 1. Alar* 2. Still Prevertebral fascia

Question 35

T/F: The fascial spaces in neck are only potential spaces.

Answer 35

True

Question 36

Retropharyngeal space anterior and posterior boundaries.

Answer 36

Ant: Buccopharyngeal fascia Post: Alar fascia

Question 37

Retropharyngeal space lateral boundaries.

Answer 37

Carotid sheaths

Question 38

Retropharyngeal space superior and inferior boundaries.

Answer 38

Superior: base of skull Inferior: Mediastinum

Question 39

T/F: Retropharyngeal space is posterior to trachea and anterior to pharynx and larynx.

Answer 39

False - posterior to all three

Question 40

The "danger" or (X) space has which anterior/posterior boundaries?

Answer 40

X = prevertebral Ant: Alar fascia Post: Prevertebral fascia

Question 41

Prevertebral space extends from (X) to (Y) vertically.

Answer 41

``` X = base of skull Y = diaphragm ```

Question 42

Anterior and posterior triangles are separated from each other by:

Answer 42

SCM

Question 43

List the posterior triangle subdivisions. Star the larger.

Answer 43

1. Occipital* | 2. Omoclavicular/subclavian

Question 44

Borders of occipital triangle.

Answer 44

1. Traps 2. SCM 3. Inferior belly of omohyoid

Question 45

Contents of occipital triangle.

Answer 45

1. EJV 2. Brachial plexus (trunks) and cervical plexus (branches) 3. CN XI 4. Transverse cervical a 5. Cervical lymph nodes

Question 46

Borders of subclavian (omoclavicular) triangle.

Answer 46

1. SCM 2. Clavicle 3. Inferior belly of omohyoid

Question 47

Contents of subclavian (omoclavicular) triangle.

Answer 47

1. Subclavian a and v 2. Suprascapular a 3. Supraclavicular lymph nodes

Question 48

(X) is typical point of entry for central line placement.

Answer 48

X = subclavian vein

Question 49

Borders of anterior triangle.

Answer 49

1. Midline of neck 2. SCM 3. Mandible (inferior border)

Question 50

Anterior triangle can be subdivided into small triangles by (X).

Answer 50

X = omohyoid and digastric muscles

Question 51

List subdivisions of anterior triangle.

Answer 51

1. Submandibular 2. Submental 3. Carotid 4. Muscular

Question 52

Carotid triangle boundaries.

Answer 52

1. SCM 2. Superior belly of omohyoid 3. Posterior belly of digastric

Question 53

Carotid triangle contents.

Answer 53

1. Hypoglossal (CN XII) 2. Ansa cervicalis 3. Carotid sheath 4. Sympathetic trunk

Question 54

At (X) vertebra, which is also the level of (Y), the carotid pulse can be palpated.

Answer 54

``` X = C6 Y = cricoid cartilage ```

Question 55

Muscular triangle boundaries.

Answer 55

1. Hyoid and midline of neck 2. SCM 3. Superior belly of omohyoid

Question 56

Muscular triangle contents.

Answer 56

1. Infrahyoid muscles | 2. Thyroid and parathyroid glands

Question 57

Submandibular triangle boundaries.

Answer 57

1. Anterior digastric 2. Mandible 3. Posterior digastric

Question 58

Submandibular triangle contents.

Answer 58

1. Submandibular gland 2. Facial a and v 3. Submandibular lymph nodes

Question 59

Submental triangle boundaries.

Answer 59

1. Both anterior digastric bellies | 2. Hyoid bone

Question 60

Submental triangle contents.

Answer 60

1. Submental lymph nodes | 2. Tributaries of anterior jugular vein

Question 61

Omohyoid attachments.

Answer 61

Scapula to clavicle to hyoid

Question 62

Sternohyoid attachments.

Answer 62

Manubrium to hyoid

Question 63

Sternothyroid attachments.

Answer 63

Manubrium to thyroid cartilage

Question 64

Thyrohyoid attachments.

Answer 64

Thyroid cartilage to hyoid

Question 65

Which (infra/supra)-hyoid muscles attach to floor of oral cavity.

Answer 65

Suprahyoid; Mylohyoid and geniohyoid