08 Human Factors I: Driver behaviour

Question 1

Generell definitions/ compulsion of Driver behaviour (3)

Answer 1

3 key elements to define driver behaviour
* Driver
* Environment
* Vehicle

• way in which one acts during the driving task
• collection of actions performed during the driving task

Question 2

Driver behaviour and Driving style

Answer 2

Driving style is the relative stable aspect of driving behavior,
while driving behavior can be the behavior in a specific
instance (window of time)

unafecked by mood

Question 3

Factors influencing DB (5)

Answer 3

• Individual characteristics (e.g. age, personality)
• Socio-cultural values/norms (e.g. perception of traffic offences)
• Technological factors (e.g. active safety systems)
• Driver motives (e.g. hurry)
• Driving context (e.g. traffic density)

Question 4

Factors influencing DB
Individual characteristics

Answer 4

• Gender (e.g. male vs. female drivers): male drivers generally take more risks than female drivers
• Age and driving experience (e.g novice vs. experienced drivers):novice drivers detect hazards less quickly than experienced drivers
• Personality and lifestyle-related factors (e.g. sensation seeking, locus of control): high sensation seekers might take more risk than low sensation seekers

Question 5

Factors influencing DB
Socio-cultural values/norms

Answer 5

• Social network and organizational culture (e.g. family, friends, partner)
• National and regional differences (e.g. informal conventions in a specific country)

Question 6

Driver motives

Answer 6

• Safety zone boundary —–
• Min. accepted safety margin
• Comfort zone
• Safety zone
  ———————————————
• Excitatory motives (e.g. goal achievement) can encourage drivers to accept smaller safety margins.
• Inhibitory motives (e.g. fear, risk aversion) can push drivers towards larger safety margins

Question 7

Terms ADF,DSF, DAS

Answer 7

ADF = Automated Driving Feature
DSF = Driver Support Features
DAS = Data Acquisition System

Question 8

Driver behaviour and ADF/DSF
Important human factors aspects to consider during the design
of ADS/DAS:

Answer 8

• Expectancy
• Situation awareness
• Trust
• Acceptance
• Skill degradation

Question 9

Driver behaviour and ADF/DSF
Expectancy

Answer 9

User Expectancies: Based on training and past experience with automation.
Expectancy Concept: Predicts automation behavior using statistical patterns (e.g., conditional probability).

Question 10

Driver behaviour and ADF/DSF
Situation awareness

Answer 10

Definition: Situation awareness = Perception, comprehension, and future projection of elements in an environment (Endsley, 1995).
Contexts: Driving situations.
Automation situations (e.g., automation state).

Question 11

Driver behaviour and ADF/DSF
Trust

Answer 11

Trust in Automation: Similar to human relationships (Lee & Moray, 1994).
Key Factors:
User experience with the system.
Automation reliability.
Initial information provided to users (e.g., drivers).

Question 12

Driver behaviour and ADF/DSF
Acceptance

Answer 12

Acceptance Measures: Assess user attitudes toward a system (Van Der Laan, 1997).
Two Dimensions:
Practical aspects.
Pleasantness.

Question 13

Driver behaviour and ADF/DSF
Skill degradation

Answer 13

Skill Degradation: Neglecting manual driving can impair:
Psychomotor dexterity.
Cognitive skills.
Impact: Affects ability to complete tasks safely and successfully (Cunningham & Regan, 2015).