09. Digestive System

Question 1

What is included in the alimentary canal?

Answer 1

Mouth (Oral or Buccal cavity)
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine

Question 2

What are some accessory organs?

Answer 2

Teeth
Tongue
Salivary Glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas

Question 3

What is the mouth formed by?

Answer 3

Cheeks
Lips (labia)
Hard palate
Soft palate

Question 4

What does the mouth receive?

Answer 4

Food and saliva

Question 5

What does the mouth initiate?

Answer 5

Digestion

Question 6

What is this:

• Accessory organs
• Cutting and shearing food
• Secured in sockets (alveoli) of maxillary and mandibular bones

Answer 6

Teeth

Question 7

What is this:

• Accessory organ of digestion
• Manipulates food
• Assists in deglution
• Senses the taste of food

Answer 7

Tongue

Question 8

What is this:

• Accessory organs of digestion
• 3 paired glands

Answer 8

Salivary glands

Question 9

Which salivary gland is this: Stensen’s duct
(Biggest size)

Answer 9

Parotid

Question 10

Which salivary gland is this: Wharton’s duct (medium size)

Answer 10

Submandibular

Question 11

Which salivary gland is this: Rivinus’ duct (smallest)

Answer 11

Sublingal

Question 12

What are the functions of Salivary Glands?

Answer 12

• Secretion of saliva (1,000-1,500 ml/day)
• Cleansing teeth
• Facilitate swallowing
• Initialing digestion
• Formation of bolus
• Dissolve food chemicals

Question 13

What is the location of the pharynx?

Answer 13

From nose to the top of esophagus

Question 14

What is the structure of the pharynx?

Answer 14

Throat
Made of muscles
Lined with mucous membranes

Question 15

What structure has air only?

Answer 15

Nasopharynx

Question 16

What structure has the passage of food and air?

Answer 16

Oropharynx

Question 17

What structure has the food passage and air?

Answer 17

Laryngopharynx

Question 18

What is the common passageway for food, liquids, and air?

Answer 18

Pharynx

Question 19

Pharyngeal constrictors
push the bolus toward the what?

Answer 19

Esophagus

Question 20

What initiates the swallowing process?

Answer 20

Pharynx

Question 21

The esophagus is from the what to the what?

Answer 21

pharynx (c6)
stomach (t7)

Question 22

What is the structure of the esophagus?

Answer 22

• Fibromuscular tubular portion
  of digestive tract
• 25 cm (1 ft) long
• 2 cm (0.75 in.) diameter

Question 23

What are the layers of the esophagus? (from middle inner to outer)

Answer 23

• Mucosa
• Submucosa
• Muscularis
• Adventitia

Question 24

What are the functions of the esophagus?

Answer 24

• Transport food and liquids entering
  the mouth through the throat and into the stomach.
• Prevents reflux of gastric contents into esophagus.

Question 25

What are characteristics of the stomach?

Answer 25

- Pouchlike digestive organ - Between esophagus and duodenum - In the upper left quadrant of abdominal cavity - Immediately below diaphragm

Question 26

What are the important parts of the stomach?

Answer 26

- J-shaped (T7-L3) - Cardiac sphincter (meaning it's close to the heart) - Fundus - Body - Lesser curvature - Greater curvature - Pylorus - Pyloric sphincter

Question 27

What are the layers of the stomach?

Answer 27

- Mucosa (inside and lubricated) - Submucosa - Muscularis - Serosa (aka adventitia) - Rugae (helps stomach stretch) (arrugas - wrinkles)

Question 28

What are the functions of the stomach?

Answer 28

- Aid digestion food absorption protein and fat digestion - Reservoir - Acid secretion - Enzyme secretion - Gastrointestinal motility

Question 29

What is this: - Occupies all abdominal regions except the left hypochondriac and epigastric regions - Average 6m (20ft) in length - Diameter: 4cm (1.6in) at the stomach 2.5cm (1in) at the junction with large intestine

Answer 29

Small intestine

Question 30

What are the structures of the small intestine? **

Answer 30

Duodenum (beginning of small intestine) (looks like a c) (inside is the pancreas) Jejunum (the portion that goes all over the cavity) Ileum (iliac crest is where it rests, right at the tip)

Question 31

What is this: * C‐shaped * Shortest and widest segment * 25 cm (10 in.) * Anterior to right kidney * Anterior to upper three lumbar vertebrae. * Mixing bowl * Receives chyme from stomach and digestive secretions from pancreas and liver.

Answer 31

Duodenum

Question 32

What is this: * Chemical and mechanical breakdown of chyme. * Absorption of nutrients * Transports of undigested material to large intestine. * About 2.5 m (8 ft) in length. * Suspended from posterior wall of peritoneum—mesentery.

Answer 32

Jejunum

Question 33

What is this: * The immune sensors of the intestine. * Form circular or oval patches. * Largest and most numerous in the ileum. * Fight against infections in ileum.

Answer 33

Peyer's Patches

Question 34

What are the functions of the small intestine?

Answer 34

Plays primary role in digestion and absorption of nutrients

Question 35

What is this: * Horseshoe‐shaped * Begins at the end of the ileum and ends at the anus * Inferior to the stomach and liver * Almost completely frames small intestine

Answer 35

Large Intestine

Question 36

How big is the large intestine?

Answer 36

* 1.5 m (5 ft) length * 7.5 cm (3 in) width

Question 37

What three parts is the large intestine divided into?

Answer 37

- Cecum - Colon - Rectum

Question 38

What is this: * First portion of large intestine, appears as a pouch * Collects and stores material arriving from ileum * Begins compaction.

Answer 38

Cecum

Question 39

What is this: * Approximately 9 cm (3.5 in). * Size and shape are variable. * Functions as part of the lymphatic system.

Answer 39

Vermiform Appendix

Question 40

What is this: - Last 15 cm (6 in) of digestive tract. - Expandable organ for temporary storage of fecal material.

Answer 40

Rectum

Question 41

What is this: * Last portion of rectum. * Contains small longitudinal folds—anal columns. * Ends at anus.

Answer 41

Anal Canal

Question 42

What are the functions of the Large Intestine?

Answer 42

* Reabsorption of water and electrolytes * Compaction of intestinal contents into feces * Absorption of important vitamins produced by bacterial action * Storing of fecal material before defecation

Question 43

Where is the liver located?

Answer 43

* Right hypochondriac region * Epigastric region

Question 44

What is the liver structure?

Answer 44

* Largest visceral organ * Reddish‐brown organ * Very soft and flaccid * Largest gland of body * Weights 1.5 kg (3.3 lbs)

Question 45

What is this: * Fibrous structure * Connects the anterior part of the liver to the ventral wall of the abdomen.

Answer 45

Falciform ligament

Question 46

What marks the path of the fetal umbilical vein?

Answer 46

Round ligament (Ligamentum teres)

Question 47

What are the functions of the liver?

Answer 47

* More than 200 different functions. * Production of bile (One liter per day) * Detoxification (Extract absorbed nutrients or toxins from blood.)

Question 48

Where is the gallbladder located?

Answer 48

* Right side of the abdomen * Beneath the liver In the visceral surface of the right lobe of the liver.

Question 49

What is the Gallbladder structure?

Answer 49

* About 1 inch wide and 3 inches long. * Hollow, pear‐shaped muscular organ. * Three regions * Fundus * Body * Neck

Question 50

What is the gallbladder function?

Answer 50

* Bile storage - Liquid produced by liver to help digest fat. * Bile release * Bile flow regulation * Bile pH regulation

Question 51

What is this: * Left hepatic duct * Right hepatic duct * Common hepatic bile duct * Cystic duct (from gallbladder) * Hepato‐pancreatic duct

Answer 51

Biliary tract (system)

Question 52

What is the function of the Biliary tract?

Answer 52

Drains bile into duodenum (Ampulla of Vater)

Question 53

Abdominal gland with a digestive (exocrine) and hormonal (endocrine) function

Answer 53

Pancreas

Question 54

What is this: * Group of cell in the pancreas. * Make hormone insulin

Answer 54

Pancreatic islets (Islets of Langerhans)