09. WAN Terms Flashcards by Aimee Beloat

Fourth-generation mobile phone service that is characterized by an all-IP network for both data and voice transmission and throughput of 100 Mbps up to 1 Gbps.

4G (fourth generation)

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Fifth-generation mobile phone standard requiring minimal throughput of 1 Gbps and maxing out at 20 Gbps download and 10 Gbps upload. Actual speeds vary greatly depending on the bands, cell density, channels, and client volume

5G (fifth generation)

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A network routing method that chooses the best possible path for traffic based on the specific needs of the application, not just on basic metrics like hop count or link cost.

AAR (application-aware routing)

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A list of statements used by a router or other device to permit or deny the forwarding of traffic on a network based on one or more criteria.

ACL (access control list)

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A number indicating a protocol’s reliability, with lower values being given higher priority. This assignment can be changed by a network administrator.

AD (administrative distance)

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A firewall that can block designated types of traffic based on application data contained within packets.

application layer firewall

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A group of networks, often on the same domain, that are operated by the same organization.

AS (autonomous system)

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A characteristic of transmission technology that offers faster download speeds than upload speeds.

asymmetrical

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A website that tests the current upload and download speeds on a WAN connection.

bandwidth speed tester

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The most efficient route from one network to another, as calculated by a router.

best path

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Dubbed the “protocol of the Internet” this path-vector routing protocol is the only current EGP (exterior gateway protocol) and is capable of considering many factors in its routing metrics.

BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)

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A WAN technology where the network media and available bandwidth are shared between multiple customers.

broadband

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Broadband Internet access provided over the coaxial cable wiring used for TV signals.

cable broadband

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A device that modulates and demodulates signals for transmission and reception via cable wiring.

cable modem

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The combination of a cellular antenna array and its base station.

cell site

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A data center facility that is shared by a variety of providers. Also called a carrier hotel.

colocation facility

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The time it takes for routers on a network to recognize and adjust to configuration changes or a network outage.

convergence time

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A router that directs data between networks within the same autonomous system. Also called an interior router.

core router

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An error statistic that indicates messages are being damaged in transit.

CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) error

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A backup route, usually to another router, used when a router cannot determine a path to a message’s destination.

default route

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A WAN service where the network media or a portion of its available bandwidth is dedicated to a single customer and comes with an SLA-defined guarantee of minimum uptime percentages and maximum recovery times if the service goes down.

DIA (dedicated Internet access)

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A leased line from a customer’s location or from their ISP to a PoP (point of presence), or colocation, which provides connection with other providers (such as cloud providers). Also called interconnection.

direct connection

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The simplest type of routing protocols; used to determine the best route for data based on the distance to a destination.

distance-vector routing protocol

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An international, cooperative effort orchestrated by Cable-Labs that standardized cable broadband service.

DOCSIS (Data Over Cable Service Interface Specifications)

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A WAN connection technology that operates over the PSTN (public switched telephone network) and can support multiple data and voice channels over a single line.

DSL (digital subscriber line)

A device that modulates a DSL signal between the ISP’s telephone line and the customer’s Ethernet network.

DSL modem

The creation of routes automatically calculated by the router to determine the best path between two networks. As dynamic routes are identified and calculated, this information is collected in a routing table.

dynamic routing

A router that connects an autonomous system with an outside network—for example, the router that connects a business to its ISP. Also called a border router.

edge router

A type of routing protocol used by edge routers and exterior routers to distribute data outside of autonomous systems. BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) is the only modern example of an exterior gateway protocol.

EGP (exterior gateway protocol)

An advanced distance-vector protocol developed by Cisco that combines some of the features of a link-state protocol and so is sometimes referred to as a hybrid protocol.

EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)

A router that directs data between autonomous systems, for example, routers used on the Internet's backbone

exterior router

A type of protocol configured on a router or layer 3 switch to provide a single VIP (virtual IP) address as the default gateway that, in turn, potentially points to multiple routers. Popular FHRPs include VRRP (Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol), HSRP (Hot Standby Routing Protocol), and GLBP (Gateway Load Balancing Protocol).

FHRP (First Hop Redundancy Protocol)

The router on a network that accepts all unroutable messages from other routers.

gateway of last resort

A frame that is too large and is dropped.

giant

A firewall that only protects the device on which it’s installed.

host-based firewall

A routing protocol that exhibits characteristics of both distance-vector and link-state routing protocols.

hybrid routing protocol

A type of routing protocol, such as OSPF and IS-IS, used by core routers and edge routers within autonomous systems.

IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol)

An ACL (access control list) rule that ensures that any traffic the ACL does not explicitly permit is denied by default.

implicit deny

A link-state routing protocol that uses a best-path algorithm. IS-IS was originally codified by ISO, which referred to routers as “intermediate systems,” thus the protocol’s name.

IS-IS (Intermediate System to Intermediate System)

Dedicated Internet bandwidth provided over fiber-optic connections.

leased line

A type of routing protocol that enables routers to share performance and status information about their connected links with routers throughout the network, after which each router can independently map the network and determine the best path between itself and a message’s destination node.

link-state routing protocol

A transitional cellular network technology between 3G and 4G that takes advantage of some improved 4G technologies to exceed 3G speeds but does not reach 4G throughput requirements.

LTE (Long-Term Evolution)

The latest version of LTE, with theoretical downlink rates approaching true 4G speeds up to 1 Gbps and uplink rates as high as 100 Mbps, although actual speeds are significantly less. Sometimes misleadingly called 5G E (5G Evolution).

LTE-A (LTE-Advanced)

A route rating system used as a tie breaker when selecting a route in a route table containing multiple matching routes to a destination.

metric

A modulation/demodulation device that converts between digital and analog signals.

modem

A type of switching that enables multiple types of layer 3 protocols to travel over any one of several connection-oriented layer 2 protocols.

MPLS (multiprotocol label switching)

A firewall configured and positioned to protect an entire network or segment of a network.

network-based firewall

A firewall innovation that monitors and limits the traffic of specific applications, adapts to the class of users or user groups, and adapts to the context of various applications, users, and devices.

NGFW (Next Generation Firewall)

An IGP (interior gateway protocol) and link-state routing protocol that improves on some of the limitations of RIP (Routing Information Protocol) and can coexist with RIP on a network.

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)

The burden placed on the underlying network to support a routing protocol.

overhead

A direct line that connects two locations and provides a private network for communications over this link.

point-to-point connection

A data center facility at which a provider rents space to allow for dedicated connection services.

PoP (point of presence)

The network portion of an IP address; given multiple options in a routing table, a router will choose a route with the longest matching prefix.

prefix

The number of bits included in the prefix.

prefix length

The network of lines and carrier equipment that provides wired telephone service to most homes and businesses.

PSTN (public switched telephone network)

The oldest routing protocol that is still widely used. RIP is a distance-vector protocol that uses hop count as its routing metric and only allows up to 15 hops.

RIP (Routing Information Protocol)

An updated version of the original RIP routing protocol that generates less broadcast traffic and functions more securely than its predecessor. However, RIPv2’s packet forwarding is still limited to a maximum of 15 hops.

RIPv2 (Routing Information Protocol, version 2)

A command-line utility used to show or change a host’s routing table.

route utility

A value assigned to a particular route as judged by the network administrator—the more desirable the path, the lower its cost.

routing cost

A set of standards that determines how routers communicate with each other about network status and connections. Routing protocols determine the best path for data to take between networks.

routing protocol

A database stored in a router’s memory that maintains information about the location of hosts and networks and the best paths for forwarding packets between them.

routing table

A message that is so small it is dropped.

runt

Abstracted, centralized control of networking devices that manage network functions across a diverse infrastructure.

SD-WAN (software-defined wide area network)

An AWS security service that filters traffic into and out of a single EC2 instance network interface.

security group

A firewall capable of examining an incoming packet to determine whether it belongs to a currently active connection and is, therefore, a legitimate packet.

stateful firewall

A firewall that manages each incoming packet as a stand-alone entity without regard to currently active connections.

stateless firewall

The manual creation of routes configured by a network administrator to direct messages along specific paths between networks.

static routing

A characteristic of transmission technology that offers the same download speeds as upload speeds.

symmetrical

A security strategy that combines multiple layers of security appliances and technologies into a single safety net.

UTM (unified threat management)

09. WAN Terms Flashcards

(69 cards)