Define globalisation for 3 marks
/Intergration of cultures,economies,policies into one global mixture
/Process via which intl cultures blend together . (give any South African context)
/+ves= increased foreign investment and tech advances
/-ves= increased isolation and animosity
Describe media imperialism 2 marks
Domination of one culture over another , via specific use of media(music, TV,etc)
Describe effects of media imperialism 2 marks
/Dissolution of smaller culture
/Imbalance of info flow between submissive and dominant country .
Explain the term hybridisation via eg’s
Process via which a culture adopts global aspects whilst mainaintaing its core identity eg: Spanglish
Explain the concept of global economy (2 marks)
The coming together of different economies around the world
Explain the concept of division or labour using examples . Also give positives and negatives of it (total about 6 marks)
A group of people that take different tasks to perform the same . Example : cheeseburger : one person for the patty , one for the bun etc . Positive: cheaper to produce goods . Negative : interdependancies
Explain the term transborder data flow using a local example ( maybe 2 marks)
Literally just the flow of data across borders . Aims to bring benefits for both developed and developing countries but usually favours the developed
Discuss , using practical examples, the three domains of global communication politics . (9marks)
Telecommunication : International Telegraphy Union founded in 1868 . Proposed a reduced telegraphy tariff in order to improve international telegraph conditions and improve national safety . (example : International Telegraphy Union)
- Intellectual property : Aims to protect original work from reproduction until 50 years after the death of the creator . Also looks to promote arts/science/literature as well as encourage dissemination of artistic works .
- Mass media : During the uprising of mass media as we know it today , there was much discussion about its positives and negatives . +ve’s = improved cultural understanding for all nations about all other nations.
- ve’s/concerns : possible use of media for obscene material , propaganda , diplomacy etc .
Critically discuss the changes in global communication politics (8 marks)
- Previous 100 years of policy meant to co-ordinate national policy that were shaped independantly by nations . Today , it determines the spaces in which countries can determine policy .
- There has been a shift from political discourse to economic discourse in the political communications space . Proof is found in the growing focus on intellectual property and protection for investors and producers .
- The power of the rich in politics is becoming more and more clear , with the wealthy dictating global policy the world over . Likewise with transnational corporations , policy making becomes business rather than politics based .
Explain the terms “privatisation” and “ liberalisation” in terms of telecommunication using South African examples . (4 marks)
*Privatisation =Transfer of SOE’s and other assets into private owner ship
*Liberalisation = Opening of market to competiton .
The two terms clash with one another as one aims to reduce monopoly whilst the other wants it to grow .
How does the neoliberal and humanitarian agenda differ on the issue of access ? 4 marks
Neo : People are seen as consumers , thus they must be given access to communication infrastructure so they intergrate into global consumer society .
Humanitarian : People need to be literate so that communication information can be used to increase their democratic participation .
How does the neoliberal and humanitarian agenda differ on the issue of knowledge 4 marks
Neo: Knowledge is a commodity that must be privately owned and protected .
Humanitarian : Knowledge is a public entity that must be kept free .
How does the neoliberal and humanitarian agenda differ on the issue of global advertising 5 marks
Neo : Increased interest in the expansion of global advertising , meaning an increased space in media , new arget group, incrased sponsorships and place to advertise .
Humanitarian : Concerned about the eco concerns around increased consumerism as well as gap between those who can shop worldwide and those who can’t . Agenda also seeks to defend ublic space against exploitation .
How does the neoliberal and humanitarian agenda differ on the issue of Privacy ? 4 marks
Neo : Increased interest in data mining i.e. the systemic collection and storage of data about individuals for marketing purposes .
Humanitarian : Interest is to protect peoples privacy and make them critical of advertising .
How does the neoliberal and humanitarian agenda differ on the issue of intellectual property rights? 6 marks
Neo : Aims to protect trade based system that protects IPR which enables corporations to exploit these rights . IPR owners also want to extend the protection period for materials . bought under this threat .
Humanitarian : Worried that system allows for the theft of genetic material fro the poor to serve private interests . Aims to protect communal resources from exploitation .
How does the neoliberal and humanitarian agenda differ on the issue of concentration ? 4 marks
Neo : Aim to strengthen ties with business partners to increase hold onn the world market . Want to create a regulation vacuum
Humanitarian : Concerned that the global merger activity of today hurts consumers and professionals by lowering diversity and autonomy .
List the various strategies that countries can use to protect their own cultural products . 5 marks
Quotas , Subsidies/Grants , Regional Alliances and co-productions , Adaptations of programmes produced in other cultures , Resistance measures .
Critically discuss Quotas 4 marks
The US treats cultural products like any other good to be imported or exported .
*Meanwhile other countries claim cultural exception for AV products , labelling them as key indicators of national identity .
Critically discuss Subsidies and grants 3 marks .
- US doesn’t support subsidies for development of TV and film
- Other countries give grants to the entertainment industry as they feel it might die without it .
Critically discuss Regional alliances , including co-productions 3 marks
- Specific care is taken in this instance to use national subsidies for co-productions .
- Advantages of co-productions : strong domestic market , increased access across cultures , wide name recognition , profitable .
Examine the management of cultural conflict within the context of global communication 6 marks
- Cultural conflict is present world wide .
- In a world where identity is becoming more and more shared , conflict arises when a minority aims to retain their uniqueness .
- Media adds o this cultural conflict by promoting the idea that all people are alike when they aren’t .
- Media’s ease of access allows to focus on consuming a hyper specfic brand of media tailored to them . This leads to us not learning about other cultures besides our own .
- This leads to ingrained prejudices over time .
Explain using examples the following processes and their implications within the context of global cultures : Hyrbridisation , Creolisation , Glocalisation 6 marks
- Creolisation refers to the mix of cultural frames within all of us , during which the dominant culture and submissive culture shares traits .
- Glocalisation refers specifically to immigrantion/resettling , where a local picks up traits of a place they are trying to settle into .
- Hybrisation refers to a cultural blend that has different parts of two or more cultures blended together . No one culture dominates and aspects of each culture are evident .
