1
Q
What is the patient position for the PA Skull (Caldwell Projection)?
A
Prone or erect, forehead and nose touching IR
IR stands for Image Receptor.
2
Q
What is the central ray angle for the PA Skull (Caldwell Projection)?
A
15° caudal angulation to nasion
3
Q
What does the PA Skull (Caldwell Projection) demonstrate?
A
Frontal and ethmoidal sinuses, orbital rims, nasal septum
4
Q
What is a key point for the PA Skull (Caldwell Projection)?
A
Orbitomeatal line perpendicular to IR, petrous ridges in lower 1/3 of orbits
5
Q
What is the patient position for the Lateral Skull?
A
True lateral, side of interest against IR
6
Q
What is the central ray direction for the Lateral Skull?
A
Perpendicular to IR, 2 inches above external auditory meatus (EAM)
7
Q
What does the Lateral Skull show?
A
Sella turcica, skull fractures, cranial sutures
8
Q
What is a key point for the Lateral Skull?
A
Ensure no rotation – superimpose greater wings of sphenoid
9
Q
What is the patient position for Towne’s Projection (AP Axial)?
A
Supine or erect, chin tucked, OML perpendicular to IR
10
Q
What is the central ray angle for Towne’s Projection (AP Axial)?
A
30° caudal to a point 2.5 inches above glabella
11
Q
What does Towne’s Projection (AP Axial) demonstrate?
A
Occipital bone, foramen magnum, posterior clinoids
12
Q
What is a key point for Towne’s Projection (AP Axial)?
A
Dorsum sellae should be in foramen magnum
13
Q
What is the patient position for the SMV (Submentovertex) projection?
A
Neck hyperextended, vertex on IR
14
Q
What is the central ray direction for the SMV (Submentovertex)?
A
Perpendicular to infraorbitomeatal line (IOML), midway between gonions
15
Q
What does the SMV (Submentovertex) show?
A
Skull base, sphenoid sinuses, mandible, zygomatic arches
16
Q
What is a key point for the SMV (Submentovertex)?
A
IOML must be parallel to IR
17
Q
What is the patient position for the Waters Projection (PA Facial Bones)?
A
Chin and nose on IR, OML 37° to IR
18
Q
What is the central ray direction for the Waters Projection (PA Facial Bones)?
A
Perpendicular to IR at acanthion
19
Q
What does the Waters Projection (PA Facial Bones) demonstrate?
A
Maxillary sinuses, orbital floors, nasal bones
20
Q
What is a key point for the Waters Projection (PA Facial Bones)?
A
Petrous ridges below maxillary sinuses
21
Q
What is the patient position for the Lateral Facial Bones?
A
True lateral, side of interest to IR
22
Q
What is the central ray direction for the Lateral Facial Bones?
A
Perpendicular to IR at zygomatic bone
23
Q
What does the Lateral Facial Bones show?
A
Facial bone relationships, TMJ, sinuses
24
Q
What is a key point for the Lateral Facial Bones?
A
Ensure mandibular rami are superimposed
25
What is the patient position for the Nasal Bones (Lateral)?
True lateral, nose to IR
26
What is the central ray direction for the Nasal Bones (Lateral)?
Perpendicular to IR, ½ inch below nasion
27
What does the Nasal Bones (Lateral) demonstrate?
Nasal bone fractures
28
What is a key point for the Nasal Bones (Lateral)?
Use small focal spot, collimate tightly
29
What is the patient position for the Zygomatic Arches (Tangential)?
Modified SMV position
30
What is the central ray direction for the Zygomatic Arches (Tangential)?
Perpendicular to IOML, to arch of interest
31
What does the Zygomatic Arches (Tangential) show?
Zygomatic arch fractures
32
What is a key point for the Zygomatic Arches (Tangential)?
Angle to clear superimposition
33
What is the patient position for the AP Cervical Spine?
Supine or erect, no rotation
34
What is the central ray angle for the AP Cervical Spine?
15-20° cephalad to C4 (thyroid cartilage level)
35
What does the AP Cervical Spine show?
C3-C7 vertebral bodies, alignment
36
What is a key point for the AP Cervical Spine?
Mandible should not obscure upper cervicals
37
What is the patient position for the Lateral Cervical Spine?
True lateral, shoulders depressed
38
What is the central ray direction for the Lateral Cervical Spine?
Perpendicular to C4, on expiration
39
What does the Lateral Cervical Spine show?
Cervical lordosis, disc spaces, alignment
40
What is a key point for the Lateral Cervical Spine?
All 7 cervicals must be visible
41
What is the patient position for the Open Mouth (Odontoid)?
Mouth wide open, no rotation
42
What is the central ray direction for the Open Mouth (Odontoid)?
Perpendicular to center of open mouth
43
What does the Open Mouth (Odontoid) show?
C1, C2, odontoid process
44
What is a key point for the Open Mouth (Odontoid)?
Top of teeth and occiput superimposed
45
What is the patient position for the Oblique Cervical Spine?
45° rotation (LPO/RPO)
46
What is the central ray angle for the Oblique Cervical Spine?
15-20° cephalad to C4
47
What does the Oblique Cervical Spine show?
Intervertebral foramina and pedicles
48
What is a key point for the Oblique Cervical Spine?
Down side foramina demonstrated
49
What is the patient position for the AP Thoracic Spine?
Supine or erect, arms at sides
50
What is the central ray direction for the AP Thoracic Spine?
Perpendicular to T7 (3-4 inches below jugular notch)
51
What does the AP Thoracic Spine show?
Thoracic vertebral bodies, disc spaces
52
What is a key point for the AP Thoracic Spine?
Use breathing technique if possible
53
What is the patient position for the Lateral Thoracic Spine?
Left lateral, arms raised
54
What is the central ray direction for the Lateral Thoracic Spine?
Perpendicular to T7, orthostatic breathing
55
What does the Lateral Thoracic Spine show?
Thoracic kyphosis, compression fractures
56
What is a key point for the Lateral Thoracic Spine?
Use breathing technique to blur ribs and lungs
57
What is the patient position for the Swimmer’s View (Lateral C7-T1)?
Lateral, one arm up, one down
58
What is the central ray direction for the Swimmer’s View (Lateral C7-T1)?
Perpendicular to C7-T1 junction
59
What does the Swimmer’s View (Lateral C7-T1) show?
Cervicothoracic junction
60
What is a key point for the Swimmer’s View (Lateral C7-T1)?
Separate shoulders vertically
61
What is the patient position for the AP Lumbar Spine?
Supine, knees flexed
62
What is the central ray direction for the AP Lumbar Spine?
Perpendicular to L3-L4 (iliac crest level)
63
What does the AP Lumbar Spine show?
Lumbar vertebral bodies, sacroiliac joints
64
What is a key point for the AP Lumbar Spine?
Include T12 and sacrum
65
What is the patient position for the Lateral Lumbar Spine?
Left lateral, knees flexed
66
What is the central ray direction for the Lateral Lumbar Spine?
Perpendicular to L3-L4
67
What does the Lateral Lumbar Spine show?
Lumbar lordosis, disc spaces
68
What is a key point for the Lateral Lumbar Spine?
Support waist, align spine parallel to IR
69
What is the patient position for the L5-S1 Spot Lateral?
Lateral, coned to L5-S1
70
What is the central ray direction for the L5-S1 Spot Lateral?
Perpendicular, 1.5 inches below iliac crest, 2 inches posterior to ASIS
71
What does the L5-S1 Spot Lateral show?
Better visualization of L5-S1 junction
72
What is a key point for the L5-S1 Spot Lateral?
May need 5-8° caudal angle
73
What is the patient position for the Oblique Lumbar Spine?
45° rotation (LPO/RPO)
74
What is the central ray direction for the Oblique Lumbar Spine?
Perpendicular to L3
75
What does the Oblique Lumbar Spine show?
“Scotty dog” – pars interarticularis
76
What is a key point for the Oblique Lumbar Spine?
Down side structures demonstrated
77
What is the patient position for the PA Chest?
Erect, chin up, hands on hips
78
What is the central ray direction for the PA Chest?
Perpendicular to T7, full inspiration
79
What does the PA Chest show?
Lungs, heart, mediastinum
80
What is a key point for the PA Chest?
72-inch SID, scapulae off lungs, 10 posterior ribs visible
81
What is the patient position for the Lateral Chest?
Left lateral, arms raised
82
What is the central ray direction for the Lateral Chest?
Perpendicular to T7 at midaxillary line
83
What does the Lateral Chest show?
Retrocardiac area, pleural spaces
84
What is a key point for the Lateral Chest?
No rotation, full inspiration
85
What is the patient position for the AP Supine Chest?
Supine, portable technique
86
What is the central ray direction for the AP Supine Chest?
Perpendicular, 3-4 inches below jugular notch
87
What does the AP Supine Chest show?
ICU/trauma patients, comparison to PA
88
What is a key point for the AP Supine Chest?
Compensate for magnification and distortion
89
What is the patient position for the Lateral Decubitus Chest?
Lateral recumbent, affected side down for fluid
90
What is the central ray direction for the Lateral Decubitus Chest?
Horizontal beam to T7
91
What does the Lateral Decubitus Chest show?
Pleural effusion, pneumothorax
92
What is a key point for the Lateral Decubitus Chest?
Include both costophrenic angles
93
What is the patient position for the AP Supine Abdomen (KUB)?
Supine, arms at sides
94
What is the central ray direction for the AP Supine Abdomen (KUB)?
Perpendicular to iliac crest level
95
What does the AP Supine Abdomen (KUB) show?
Kidneys, ureters, bladder, bowel gas
96
What is a key point for the AP Supine Abdomen (KUB)?
Include symphysis pubis, suspend respiration
97
What is the patient position for the AP Erect Abdomen?
Erect, weight evenly distributed
98
What is the central ray direction for the AP Erect Abdomen?
Perpendicular, 2 inches above iliac crest
99
What does the AP Erect Abdomen show?
Air-fluid levels, free air
100
What is a key point for the AP Erect Abdomen?
Include diaphragm, patient erect 5+ minutes
101
What is the patient position for the Left Lateral Decubitus Abdomen?
Left side down, horizontal beam
102
What is the central ray direction for the Left Lateral Decubitus Abdomen?
Perpendicular, 2 inches above iliac crest
103
What does the Left Lateral Decubitus Abdomen show?
Free air, fluid levels
104
What is a key point for the Left Lateral Decubitus Abdomen?
Right side up to show free air
105
What is the patient position for the Dorsal Decubitus Abdomen?
Supine, horizontal beam from side
106
What is the central ray direction for the Dorsal Decubitus Abdomen?
Horizontal, 2 inches above iliac crest
107
What does the Dorsal Decubitus Abdomen show?
Lateral abdominal masses, fluid
108
What is a key point for the Dorsal Decubitus Abdomen?
Include both flanks
109
What is the patient position for the AP Shoulder?
Supine or erect, no rotation
110
What is the central ray direction for the AP Shoulder?
Perpendicular, 1 inch below coracoid process
111
What does the AP Shoulder show?
Humeral head, glenoid, clavicle
112
What is a key point for the AP Shoulder?
External rotation for greater tuberosity
113
What is the patient position for the Y-View (Lateral Scapula)?
RAO/LAO 45-60°
114
What is the central ray direction for the Y-View (Lateral Scapula)?
Perpendicular to scapulohumeral joint
115
What does the Y-View (Lateral Scapula) show?
Scapula, humeral head position
116
What is a key point for the Y-View (Lateral Scapula)?
Scapular body in profile
117
What is the patient position for the Axial Shoulder (Inferosuperior)?
Supine, arm abducted 90°
118
What is the central ray angle for the Axial Shoulder (Inferosuperior)?
25-30° medially into axilla
119
What does the Axial Shoulder (Inferosuperior) show?
Glenohumeral joint, Hill-Sachs lesion
120
What is a key point for the Axial Shoulder (Inferosuperior)?
Cassette in axilla, careful with trauma
121
What is the patient position for the AP Humerus?
Erect or supine, arm extended
122
What is the central ray direction for the AP Humerus?
Perpendicular to midshaft of humerus
123
What does the AP Humerus show?
Humeral shaft, fractures
124
What is a key point for the AP Humerus?
Include both joints when possible
125
What is the patient position for the Lateral Humerus?
Lateral, elbow flexed 90°
126
What is the central ray direction for the Lateral Humerus?
Perpendicular to midshaft
127
What does the Lateral Humerus show?
Humeral shaft in lateral projection
128
What is a key point for the Lateral Humerus?
Superimpose epicondyles
129
What is the patient position for the AP Elbow?
Seated, arm extended, supinated
130
What is the central ray direction for the AP Elbow?
Perpendicular to elbow crease
131
What does the AP Elbow show?
Elbow joint, radial head
132
What is a key point for the AP Elbow?
Full extension, hand supinated
133
What is the patient position for the Lateral Elbow?
Elbow flexed 90°, thumb up
134
What is the central ray direction for the Lateral Elbow?
Perpendicular to elbow joint
135
What does the Lateral Elbow show?
Elbow joint space, olecranon
136
What is a key point for the Lateral Elbow?
Superimpose epicondyles
137
What is the patient position for the Oblique Elbow (External)?
Hand pronated, rotate laterally 45°
138
What is the central ray direction for the Oblique Elbow (External)?
Perpendicular to elbow
139
What does the Oblique Elbow (External) show?
Radial head free of ulna
140
What is a key point for the Oblique Elbow (External)?
Shows lateral structures
141
What is the patient position for the AP Forearm?
Seated, arm extended, supinated
142
What is the central ray direction for the AP Forearm?
Perpendicular to midshaft
143
What does the AP Forearm show?
Radius and ulna
144
What is a key point for the AP Forearm?
Include both joints, no rotation
145
What is the patient position for the Lateral Forearm?
Elbow flexed 90°, thumb up
146
What is the central ray direction for the Lateral Forearm?
Perpendicular to midshaft
147
What does the Lateral Forearm show?
Forearm bones in lateral
148
What is a key point for the Lateral Forearm?
Superimpose distal radius and ulna
149
What is the patient position for the PA Wrist?
Seated, hand flat, palm down
150
What is the central ray direction for the PA Wrist?
Perpendicular to midcarpal region
151
What does the PA Wrist show?
Carpal bones, radiocarpal joint
152
What is a key point for the PA Wrist?
Slight ulnar deviation
153
What is the patient position for the Lateral Wrist?
Ulnar side down, thumb up
154
What is the central ray direction for the Lateral Wrist?
Perpendicular to anatomic snuffbox
155
What does the Lateral Wrist show?
Carpal alignment, scaphoid
156
What is a key point for the Lateral Wrist?
True lateral position
157
What is the patient position for the Oblique Wrist?
45° lateral rotation from PA
158
What is the central ray direction for the Oblique Wrist?
Perpendicular to midcarpal region
159
What does the Oblique Wrist show?
Carpals without superimposition
160
What is a key point for the Oblique Wrist?
Thumb side elevated 45°
161
What is the patient position for the Scaphoid View?
PA with ulnar deviation
162
What is the central ray direction for the Scaphoid View?
10-15° cephalad to scaphoid
163
What does the Scaphoid View show?
Opens scaphoid, shows fractures
164
What is a key point for the Scaphoid View?
Maximum ulnar deviation
165
What is the patient position for the PA Hand?
Hand flat, palm down
166
What is the central ray direction for the PA Hand?
Perpendicular to 3rd MCP joint
167
What does the PA Hand show?
Hand bones, joints
168
What is a key point for the PA Hand?
Fingers extended and separated
169
What is the patient position for the Oblique Hand?
45° lateral rotation
170
What is the central ray direction for the Oblique Hand?
Perpendicular to 3rd MCP joint
171
What does the Oblique Hand show?
Hand without superimposition
172
What is a key point for the Oblique Hand?
Support with sponge
173
What is the patient position for the Lateral Hand?
Ulnar side down
174
What is the central ray direction for the Lateral Hand?
Perpendicular to 2nd MCP joint
175
What does the Lateral Hand show?
Hand in lateral projection
176
What is a key point for the Lateral Hand?
Fingers superimposed
177
What is the patient position for the Fingers (PA, Oblique, Lateral)?
Various positions per projection
178
What is the central ray direction for the Fingers (PA, Oblique, Lateral)?
Perpendicular to PIP joint
179
What does the Fingers (PA, Oblique, Lateral) show?
Finger bones and joints
180
What is a key point for the Fingers (PA, Oblique, Lateral)?
Collimate to digit of interest
181
What is the patient position for the Thumb (AP, Oblique, Lateral)?
Various positions, internal rotation
182
What is the central ray direction for the Thumb (AP, Oblique, Lateral)?
Perpendicular to 1st MCP joint
183
What does the Thumb (AP, Oblique, Lateral) show?
Thumb bones and joints
184
What is a key point for the Thumb (AP, Oblique, Lateral)?
True AP requires internal rotation
185
What is the patient position for the AP Pelvis?
Supine, feet internally rotated 15°
186
What is the central ray direction for the AP Pelvis?
Perpendicular midway between ASIS and pubis
187
What does the AP Pelvis show?
Pelvis, hip joints, sacroiliac joints
188
What is a key point for the AP Pelvis?
Include entire pelvis, symphysis centered
189
What is the patient position for the AP Hip?
Supine, foot internally rotated
190
What is the central ray direction for the AP Hip?
Perpendicular, 1-2 inches medial, 3-4 inches distal to ASIS
191
What does the AP Hip show?
Hip joint, femoral neck
192
What is a key point for the AP Hip?
Include femoral head and trochanters
193
What is the patient position for the Lateral Hip (Frog-leg)?
Supine, hip flexed and abducted
194
What is the central ray direction for the Lateral Hip (Frog-leg)?
Perpendicular to femoral neck
195
What does the Lateral Hip (Frog-leg) show?
Hip joint, femoral neck laterally
196
What is a key point for the Lateral Hip (Frog-leg)?
CONTRAINDICATED in trauma
197
What is the patient position for the Axiolateral Hip (Cross-table)?
Supine, unaffected leg raised
198
What is the central ray direction for the Axiolateral Hip (Cross-table)?
Perpendicular to femoral neck
199
What does the Axiolateral Hip (Cross-table) show?
Trauma hip evaluation
200
What is a key point for the Axiolateral Hip (Cross-table)?
Grid cassette in axilla
201
What is the patient position for the AP Femur?
Supine, leg extended
202
What is the central ray direction for the AP Femur?
Perpendicular to midshaft
203
What does the AP Femur show?
Femoral shaft
204
What is a key point for the AP Femur?
Include joint closest to injury
205
What is the patient position for the Lateral Femur?
Lateral recumbent
206
What is the central ray direction for the Lateral Femur?
Perpendicular to midshaft
207
What does the Lateral Femur show?
Femur in lateral projection
208
What is a key point for the Lateral Femur?
Flex opposite knee out of way
209
What is the patient position for the AP Knee?
Supine, leg extended
210
What is the central ray direction for the AP Knee?
Perpendicular, ½ inch below patella apex
211
What does the AP Knee show?
Knee joint, patellofemoral space
212
What is a key point for the AP Knee?
5° cephalad for thick patients
213
What is the patient position for the Lateral Knee?
Lateral, knee flexed 20-30°
214
What is the central ray direction for the Lateral Knee?
Perpendicular, 1 inch distal to medial epicondyle
215
What does the Lateral Knee show?
Knee joint in profile
216
What is a key point for the Lateral Knee?
Superimpose femoral condyles
217
What is the patient position for the Oblique Knee?
45° internal/external rotation
218
What is the central ray direction for the Oblique Knee?
Perpendicular, ½ inch below apex
219
What does the Oblique Knee show?
Tibial plateaus, fibular head
220
What is a key point for the Oblique Knee?
Internal oblique shows lateral structures
221
What is the patient position for the AP Leg (Tibia/Fibula)?
Supine, leg extended
222
What is the central ray position for a flexed knee projection?
Perpendicular, 1 inch distal to medial epicondyle
223
What is the purpose of the knee joint projection?
Shows knee joint in profile
224
In an oblique knee projection, what is the patient position?
45° internal/external rotation
225
What structures are shown in an internal oblique knee projection?
Lateral structures
226
What is the central ray position for an AP leg projection?
Perpendicular to midshaft
227
What does the AP leg projection show?
Tibia and fibula
228
What is the patient position for a lateral leg projection?
Lateral, knee flexed
229
What does the lateral ankle projection show?
Ankle joint in profile
230
What is the central ray position for an AP ankle projection?
Perpendicular midway between malleoli
231
What is the purpose of the mortise ankle projection?
Shows ankle mortise joint
232
What is the patient position for an AP foot projection?
Foot flat on IR
233
What angle is used for the central ray in an AP foot projection?
10° cephalad to base of 3rd metatarsal
234
What does the oblique foot projection show?
Foot without superimposition
235
What is the central ray position for an oblique toes projection?
Perpendicular to MTP joint
236
What is the purpose of the Gaynor-Hart view?
Shows carpal tunnel, hook of hamate
237
What is the patient position for the Norgaard Method?
Both hands semi-supinated 45°
238
What does the modified Waters view show?
Orbits, maxillary sinuses
239
What is the central ray position for the SMV for zygomatic arches?
Perpendicular to IOML, 1 inch posterior to outer canthi
240
What is the purpose of the transthoracic shoulder projection?
Shows shoulder through chest
241
What is the central ray position for the Ferguson view?
Perpendicular to T12-L1
242
What is the purpose of the flexion/extension cervical spine projection?
Shows cervical spine mobility, instability
243
What is the procedure for intravenous urography (IVU)?
IV contrast injection, timed radiographs
244
What is the purpose of the upper GI series?
Shows esophagus, stomach, duodenum
245
What is the central ray position for a Barium swallow?
T5-T6 level for esophagus
246
What does a Barium enema show?
Colon anatomy, pathology
247
What is the purpose of hysterosalpingography (HSG)?
Shows uterine cavity, fallopian tube patency
248
What is the procedure for myelography?
Contrast injected into the subarachnoid space
249
What anatomical landmark does ASIS stand for?
Anterior Superior Iliac Spine
250
What does CR stand for in radiography?
Central Ray
251
What is an important positioning note before an examination?
Always verify patient identity and examination ordered
Radiographic Positioning
flashcards
Decks in class (2)
# Cards
