Psychopathology > 1 > Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychological disorder

A
  • psychological dysfunction
  • distress or impairment in functioning
  • responses aren’t typical or culturally expected
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2
Q

Phobia

A
  • a psychological disorder characterized by marked and persistent fear of an object or a situation
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3
Q

Psychological dysfunction

A
  • breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioural functioning
  • ex. feeling severe fear on dates when you have nothing to fear and should be having fun - your emotions aren’t functioning properly
  • gets in the way of functioning properly
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4
Q

Wakefield’s criteria for a psychological disorder “harmful dysfunction”

2

A
  1. caused by a failure of one or more mechanisms to perform their evolved function
  2. the dysfunction produces harm or distress
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5
Q

Psychopathology

A
  • the scientific study of psychological disorders
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6
Q

Scientist-practitioner

A
  • consumer, evaluator, creator of scientific knowledge
  • discover and test treatments
  • may conduct research
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7
Q

Presenting problem

A
  • “presents” used to describe why someone came to the clinic
  • what kind of problems or set of problems they are concerned about and experiencing
  • usually other stuff comes out later on
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7
Q

Clinical description

A
  • unique combination of behaviours, thoughts, and feelings that make up a specific disorder
  • specifies what makes it different from expected behaviour or other disorders
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8
Q

Prevalence [of a disorder]

A
  • how many people in the population have the disorder?
  • # of cases (timeframe can vary)
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9
Q

Lifetime prevalence [of a disorder]

A
  • how many people in the population have ever had the disorder
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10
Q

Incidence [of a disorder]

A
  • stats on how many cases of a disorder occur during a given period (ex. a year) in the population
  • # of new cases
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11
Q

Course [of a disorder]

A
  • unique pattern of a disorder
  • how symptoms unfold over time
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12
Q

Prognosis

A
  • anticipated course of a disorder
  • what’s the likely outcome
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13
Q

Etiology (study of origins)

A
  • why a disorder begins or what caused it
  • includes biological, psychological, and social dimensions
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14
Q

Mental hygiene movement

A
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14
Q

Psychosocial approaches

A
  • focus on social and cultural factors along with psychological factors
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15
Q

Moral therapy

A
  • 18th century
  • humane treatment of people with mental disorders
  • still kind of like an asylum
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16
Q

Behavioural theory

A
  • classical conditioning
  • derived from scientific method
  • operant conditioning - voluntary behaviour is caused by consequences
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16
Q

unconscious

A
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17
Q

catharsis

A
  • reliving emotional trauma that has become unconscious
  • therapeutic
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18
Q

Freud

structure of the mind

psychoanalytic model

A

the mind has 3 major parts or functions
- id, superego, ego

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19
Q

structure of the mind

id

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A
  • instinctual drives
  • pleasure principle
  • emotional
  • irrational
  • unconscious
  • illogical
20
Q

freud

ego

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A
  • part of our mind that ensures we act realistically
  • reality principle instead of pleasure principle
  • mediates conflict between id and superego
21
Q

freud

superego

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A
  • inner voice
  • conscience
  • moral principles instilled in us by our parents and culture
22
# freud defence mechanisms | psychoanalytic model
- keeps things in check - anxiety alerts the ego to activate defence mechanisms so that we can operate properly - thought to come when ego loses battle with ID and Superego
23
what are some examples of defence mechanisms?
- denial - projection - rationalization - reaction formation - repression - sublimation
24
# Freud - psychoanalytic thought psychosexual stages of development
- if any stage was neglected, and gratification of pleasure wasn't achieved, it would leave lasting impacts - would create fixation on those areas later in life - oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital - reflected in personality
25
# Freud - psychoanalytic thought Neuroses
- all nonpsychotic physological disorders result from underlying unconscious conflicts - anxiety that comes from those conflicts and implementation of ego defense mechanisms
26
# Anna Freud - psychoanalytic thought ego psychology (self psychology)
- the way in which defensive reactions of the ego determine our behaviour - disordered behaviour comes from the ego being deficient in regulating certain functions such as controlling impulses
27
psychoanalytic psychotherapy/psychoanalysis
- reveal the nature of unconscious mental processes and conflicts - methods aren't really used anymore because they aren't seen as being very scientific
28
# Freud - psychoanalysis free association
- patients are instructed to say whatever comes to mind - intended to reveal what emotions may be supressed in the inconsious
29
# psychoanalysis dream analysis
- making connections between dreams and unconscious conflicts
30
psychoanalyst
- therapist in psychoanalysis
31
transference
- when a patient starts to redirect feelings they may have felt to their parents onto their therapist - ex. patients start to resent their therapist but don't have any solid reason as to why
32
therapeutic alliance
- relationship between therapist and patient
33
Breuer
- used hypnosis to uncover unconscious emotions and release them - developed the theory of psychoanalysis with Freud
34
Onset
- point where someone goes from not meeting criteria for a disorder to meeting criteria
35
acute onset vs. insidious onset
acute = sudden, insidious = gradual
36
episodic course of a disorder
- short term but symptoms may come back again later in life
37
time-limited course of a disorder
- ex. depressive episode naturally goes away after a year
38
chronic course of a disorder
- long-term symptoms
39
what are the 3 dominant ways of understanding abnormal behaviour?
supernatural, biological, psychological
40
historical conceptions - supernatural
- possessions/demons - most of history falls here - battle between good and evil - visions seen as coming from gods which had the potential to be viewed positively - treatment consisted of exorcisms, torture, beatings, surgery, etc. - moon = light, sleep idea
41
# biological tradition trepanning
- drilling a hole in the skull - may have come from a supernatural basis - releasing demons - could also have unintentionally helped with brain swelling - said to "calm" patients
42
# biological tradition How did Hippocrates view psychopathology?
- a physical disease
43
# biological tradition what did Galen suggest for the humoral theory of psychopathology?
- 4 bodily fluids that, when imbalanced, could lead to disorders - blood, yellow bile, black bile, phlegm - would draw blood or attach leeches to "relieve stress"
44
# biological tradition What did Mesmer believe in?
- magnetic fluid in the body - could solve people's problems by using magnets to re-direct these fluids
45
# biological tradition How was the treatment of syphillis a landmark?
- found out it was an STD that could cause insanity and later death - bacterial infection that led people to think all disorders came from bacteria - just waited around waiting for someone to solve the rest like this
46
# biological tradition Who was Dorothy Dix in Asylum Reform?
- went on an asylum tour and was horrified at the treatment - became an activist for better treatment
47
# biological tradition Who was Emil Kraeplin?
- eventually led to the DSM - concerned about diagnosis and classification - un-grouped things based on specific symptoms ex. not just overall mania
48
# biological tradition idea behind lobotomy
- wiggled around in the brain to destroy certain spots - thought to make people more manageable and calm
49
which pill in 1954 was labelled as a pill lobotomy
Thorazine
50
# biological tradition why was shock treatment used?
- thought to help with mood disorders
51
What is the humanistic theory?
- belief that people are basically good and that they strive toward self-actualization - therapeutic apprach with minimal therapist intervention - therapist listens and is empathetic - therapist as coach and listener
Psychopathology
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