1 & 2

Question 1

mycoplasmas are generally extracellular except for ______ mycoplasmas

Answer 1

hemotrophic

Question 2

what DNA virus includes Foreign Animal Disease agents ? is it E or NE?

Answer 2

• Poxviridae

- E

Question 3

what (2) RNA virus includes Foreign Animal Disease agents? are they E or NE?

Answer 3

• Bunyaviridae and Paramyxoviridae

- E

Question 4

Rhabdoviridae should make you think ____

Answer 4

RABIES

Question 5

transmission routes (7)

Answer 5

• aerosol
• oral
• direct contact
• reproductive (mating or fetus)
• fomite (inanimate object) or traffic fomite (human/vehicle/trailer is spreading it)
• vector born
• zoonotic

Question 6

aerosol transmission foreign animal diseases for both the cat and dog

Answer 6

• dog: Glanders (Burkholderia mallei) and Nipah Virus

- cat: Glanders (Burkholderia mallei), Nipah Virus, and Hendra virus

Question 7

aerosol transmission: zoonotic diseases for both the cat and dog

Answer 7

• both: Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis); Bordetella bronchiseptica; Glanders (Burkholderia mallei); Nipah Virus; Plague (Yersinia pestis); Melioidosis (Burkholderia pseudomallei); pneumocytic carinii; Q fever (Coxiella burnetii); Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium spp.)
• dog: Blastomyces dermatitids; Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)
• cat: Chlamydophila felia; Hendra virus

Question 8

3 reasons for obtaining laboratory dz

Answer 8

• disease dx
• screen for infection
• certification that animal is infection free

Question 9

diagnosis of microbial infections can be done by _____, _____ and ______

Answer 9

• detection of pathogens (culture, PCR, Ag detection assay)
• detection of immune response (ELISA, fluorescent Ab test, complement fixation, hemagglutination direct/indirect)
• detection of lesion (histology/immunohistology, molecular probes, EM)

Question 10

how dx viral infection (6ways)

Answer 10

• isolate cell lines
• characteristic cellular pathology
• detect viral Ag
• detect viral specific RNA/DNA
• Ab response
• EM

Question 11

problems with bacterial/ fungal culture

Answer 11

• slow
• fastidious or non-cultivable microbes
• may ned different medias

Question 12

PCR vs reverse PCR vs real time PCR

Answer 12

• PCR: DNA amplification
• reverse PCR: RNA amplification
• real time PCR: amplification and quantification of DNA

Question 13

true / false

PCR can detect infectious agents AND discriminate pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains

Answer 13

true

Question 14

3 reasons why PCR is great for detecting viruses

Answer 14

• can target sequences or sequence the viral genome
• detect soon after infection and even before clinical signs
• estimates viral load

Question 15

what is one thing we 100% need to make a PCR work and have good sensitivity

Answer 15

clinical isolate

Question 16

detection of immune response

• > acute response would show more ___ while chronic would show more____
• > it is a good screening tool to test for ____ and _____

Answer 16

• acute response would show more IgM while chronic would show more IgG
• Vx efficacy and negative status of group animals

Question 17

equations for sensitivity and specificity

Answer 17

• sensitivity= (TP) / (TP+FN)

- specificity= (TN)/ (TN+FP)

Question 18

equation for prevalence

Answer 18

( TP + FN ) / # tested

Question 19

equation for accuracy

Answer 19

( TP + TN) / # tested

Question 20

equation for positive and negative predictive value

Answer 20

• positive predicted value= (TP)/(TP+FP)

- negative predicted value- (TN)/(TN+FN)

Question 21

2 sample sites with their own microflora

Answer 21

• skin

- mucosal sites

Question 22

5 sample sites without their own microflora

Answer 22

• blood
• CSF
• joint fluid
• bladder urine
• SQ

Question 23

how to prep viral samples for the lab

Answer 23

• use viral transport medium kept at 4C (has buffers, proteins and Abx to inhibit bacteria)
• swabs might inhibit PCR due to contamination

Question 24

how to collect sample for PCR Ag detection

Answer 24

-collection should be aseptic and stored COLD not frozen or fixed

Question 25

how to collect sample for serology

Answer 25

- aseptic collection with gentle handling; remove needle before dispensing into new tube - allow to clot at room temperature -> centrifuge -> remove serum - refrigerate or freeze

Question 26

how to collect sample for histology/immunohistology

Answer 26

- aseptic collection - at least 5mm thick - fixed with 10% formalin

Question 27

how to collect sample for FA (fluorescent Ab test)

Answer 27

- make impression on clean slide and air dry - fix in alcohol for cytology or acetone for direct FA - slides can be shipped unrefrigerated

Question 28

how to collect sample for electron microscopy (usually for viral)

Answer 28

- aseptic collection | - 1 x2mm thick fixed with 2-4% glutaraldehyde

Question 29

how to collect sample for feces or body fluids

Answer 29

- aseptic collection and FRESH sample | - do NOT freeze

Question 30

what samples do we NOT want to freeze

Answer 30

- for PCR Ag | - feces or body fluid

Question 31

what should we do for ALL samples when shipping?

Answer 31

- double bag it ! - biological substance label - all must comply with the International Air Transport Association (IATA)

Question 32

what special consideration do we need to think about when preparing joint fluid specimens

Answer 32

may need to collect in syringe with small amount of sterile heparin to prevent clotting

Question 33

true / false | aspirates and biopsies are never preferable to swabs

Answer 33

false ! aspirates and biopsies are almost always preferable to swabs

Question 34

true/ false | when collecting swabs you may use general purpose cotton swabs

Answer 34

false! they contain substances that are inhibitory for some bacteria and PCR

Question 35

common places to collect swabs from

Answer 35

eyes, nose, ears, throat, skin

Question 36

commercial culture swab systems work well for ______, ______ and ______

Answer 36

mycoplasma, fastidious respiratory pathogens and anaerobes

Question 37

true / false | trans-tracheal washes/brush and broncho-alveolar lavages have a lower recovery rate for fastidious organisms then swabs

Answer 37

false, the recovery rate is higher -> better

Question 38

urine should be refrigerated within one hrs and processed within ____hrs from collection

Answer 38

72hrs

Question 39

blood samples from animal taking abx vs not taking abx

Answer 39

- no abx: can mix blood from separate collections and hold it up to 8hrs - abx: transport immediately, note the abx given/how much/when, only one collection allowed

Question 40

how much feces do you need to send? why?

Answer 40

5-10grams | swab does not always have enough # of organism and does not protect anaerobic/ microaerobic organisms

Question 41

what are the 2 best samples for anaerobes

Answer 41

biopsy and aspirates

Question 42

how to send intestinal loop samples (necropsy)

Answer 42

8-10cm long ligated intestine, some pathogens live in mucosa so only GI contents is not enough

Question 43

necropsy samples: spleen, heart blood or bone marrow are preferred over liver to detect septicemic infections. Why?

Answer 43

liver is contaminated by retrograde spread of intestinal flora

Question 44

when you're sending lung culture, from where do we want to collect sample? Airways are best to ID what organism ?

Answer 44

sample just ahead of the advancing lesion is most rewarding | --mycoplasma spp.