1
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take a breath
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You’re doing great!
2
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Religious Fundamentalism contemporary examples- Judaism
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Some Israeli religious settlers assert a divinely mandated claim to the entirety of the biblical land of Israel. This theological absolutism has obstructed compromise and contributed to escalating violence in the West Bank.
3
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Religious Fundamentalism contemporary examples Christianity (U.S.)
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“Christian nationalism” has helped reshape American politics in the Trump/MAGA era. As conservative writer David French observed (Jan. 12, 2024), extremism has penetrated a major American community “deeply… completely… comprehensively.” While “fundamentalist” has a narrower technical meaning within Christianity, we are using it broadly here.
4
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Religious Fundamentalism contemporar examples Islam
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The clerical regime in Iran, the Taliban in Afghanistan, and Hamas in Gaza all combine religious authority with political power. These are governing movements rooted in theological certainty.
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Origins of the term fundamentalism.
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The word fundamentalism comes from early 20th-century American Protestantism. Between 1909 and 1915, a 12-volume series titled The Fundamentals defended traditional Christianity against liberal theology, biblical criticism, and Darwinian evolution. Three million copies were distributed free to clergy.
In 1919, the World Christian Fundamentals Association was founded; in 1920, the term “fundamentalist” was coined. The movement saw itself as defending true Christianity against modernity.
6
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origins of the term fundamentalism- what were the 5 core doctrines emphasized?
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- Biblical inerrancy
- the divinity and virgin birth of Jesus
- Jesus’ atoning death
- the bodily resurrection
- the future second coming
7
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religious fundamentalism- modernity and crisis. what was the deeper backdrop? why did fundamentalism emerge?
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The deeper backdrop was the Enlightenment (1685–1815), which elevated reason and encouraged skepticism toward revelation and miracle. Historical criticism of the Bible and Darwin’s theory of evolution intensified the sense of threat.
Fundamentalism emerged as a counter-modern movement: a defense of absolute scriptural authority in a culture increasingly shaped by science and secular thought.
8
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religious fundamentalism- the scopes trial
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The clash became public in the Scopes “Monkey Trial,” when Tennessee teacher John T. Scopes was prosecuted for teaching evolution.
* Defense: Clarence Darrow
* Prosecution ally: William Jennings Bryan
* Verdict: Guilty (fine later overturned on technical grounds)
The trial symbolized the struggle between religious literalism and modern science and cemented fundamentalism as a national phenomenon.
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religious fundamentalism- what is fundamentalism?
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a modern, often militant, reaction against secularism and religious liberalization, characterized by a strict, literal interpretation of holy texts and an unwavering adherence to a set of core (“fundamental”) beliefs.
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What are the (5) recurring traits of fundamentalist movements identified by Martin Marty?
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- Perception of crisis
- Defensive posture toward modernity
- Sharp insider/outsider boundaries
- Moral dualism (good vs. evil)
- Authoritative leadership
11
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t/f- all conservatives are fundamentalists. explain
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false. Fundamentalism is a style of response to modernity—an absolutist effort to secure certainty in times of perceived threat.
12
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when does religious fundamentalism arise?
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Religious fundamentalism arises when communities feel their deepest truths are under assault. It offers clarity, identity, and moral certainty—but often at the cost of pluralism.
13
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religious fundamentalism- what is a true believer in short?
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Hoffer’s insight remains relevant: the “true believer” is a force that reshapes societies. The central question is whether such movements can coexist with democratic modernity—or whether they seek to replace it.
14
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religious fundamentalism- Hector Avalos, Fighting Words: The Origins of Religious Violence, 2005:
four phenomena that cause religiously incited violence:
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1) sacred space (for example, the Christian Crusades against Islam were about the sacred space of the Holy Land)
2) sacred scriptures and their interpretation (violence arises from claims about whose scriptures or interpretations are the more sacred)
3) sacred certification (group privilege): those who cannot have the special privileges of the insiders may agitate for it, causing tension and violence
4) the issue of salvation: the question of who is going to be saved can cause dissension, alienation and violence
15
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zionism- 1. the setting: the “Middle East” and the Ottoman Empire (3 points). and in what did Zionism emerge?
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- the “middle east is a modern western geopolitical term
- before ww1, much of the region was ruled by the ottoman empire (1299-1924)
- Ottoman collapse after ww1 reshapes the region.
Key context: zionism emerged in an imperial- not national-political order
16
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zionism 2- Jewish Historical Memory and Exile (3 points and core idea)
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- ancient israel destroyed: (Assyrians conquest of the Northern Kingdom, Babylonians destroyed the First Temple, Romans destroyed the Second Temple).
- These events produced the diaspora as Jews dispersed but maintained religious, cultural, and liturgical attachment to Zion.
- “Messiah” originally mean a human Davidic King; after failed revolts, rabbis discouraged political activism.
Core idea: longing for return remained central, but redemption was traditionally seen as divine, not political
17
Q
3- the rise of Modern Zionism (19th century) (Intellectual and religious precursors(2), Antisemitism as catalyst (3), Political Zionism (4)
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- intellectual and religious precursors
- Rabbis Alkalai and Kalischer: argued that human action could hasten redemption.
- European nationalism influences Jewish thought as nations were increasingly seen as entitled to sovereign territory and Jews began to reinterpret themselves as a nation and not only a religious community - Antisemitism as Catalyst
- racial antisemitism (late 19th century)
- pogrons (organized massacres) in Eastern Europe
- Dreyfus Affair reveals fragility of Jewish emancipation, convinced that even assimilated Western Jews were vulnerable. - political zionism
- Leon Pinsker (auto-emmancipation, 1882) argued that jews must liberate themselves politically.
- Theodor Herzl (der Judenstaat, 1896) proposed a soverign Jewish State.
- first zionist congress 1897 with the goal of a legally recognized jewish national home in palestine and formally organized the movement
- revival of Hebrew central to national project.
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what is the central claim of modern zionism?
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Jews must become a sovereign nation like others.
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zionism 4- Palestine before 1917 (3 points)
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- under Ottoman rule; not an independent political unit.
- Arab majority; small but growing Jewish population,
- Arab identity initially tied to “Greater Syria”, later Palestinian nationalism develops.
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Zionism 5- World war 1 and the British Mandate (3 points) and what is the structural tension?
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- 1917: Balfour Declaration supports a Jewish national home while protecting non-jewish communities
- Arabs had also been promised independence as Britain encouraged Arab revolt against the Ottomans, and the secret Sykes-Picot Agreement divided Ottoman Arab lands between Britain and France.
- British Mandate (1919-1948) formalizes imperial control- Britain governed Palestine, Jewish immigration increased, and Arab political opposition intensified.
Structural tension: two national movements claiming the same land.
21
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Zionism 5.2 How was the Sykes-Picot Agreement an enduring example of Western Imperial arrogance?
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It’s a cynical excericise in drawing borders that cut across religious, ethnic, and tribal communities in what is today Israel, Lebanon, Syria, and the Palestinian territories. To many Arabs, who view it as a great betrayal, it seeded a legacy of strife and bloodshed in the Middle East
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Zionism 6- Mandate Period Dynamics (1919-1948). Zionist Yishiv (3 points) and Arab leadership (2 points) And what was happening by the late 1930s?
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Zionist Yishuv:
- builds proto-state institutions
- develops defense forces
- gains organization coherence.
Arab leadership:
- riots and revolt (1936-39) against British rule and Zionist Immigration
- leadership fragmented and weakened by British repression.
By late 1930s: Jewish community more institutionally prepared for statehood as the Yishuv had stronger institutions and Palestinian Arab political capacity was fragmented.
23
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zionism 7- The Holocaust and Statehood (4 points)
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- 6 million Jews murdered
- demonstrated catastrophic vulnerability of diaspora existence as thousands of survivors were displaced
- strengthened global support for Jewish Sovereignty
- 1948 State of Israel declared
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Zionism 7.5- What did the 1935 Nuremberg Laws do
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they reclassified Jews as second-class citizens and removed their basic civil rights, and gave an official definition of judaism in terms of race
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zionsim- concluding framework- what was zionism shaped by? (5)
1. ancient religious memory- enduring Jewish attachment to Zion
2. modern european nationalism- the nation-state as the dominant political model
3. racial antisemitism- especially in Eastern and Central Europe
4. imperial politics- Ottoman collapse and British mandate rule
5. the holocaust- dramatically accelerating international support
It was a modern political movement rooted in an ancient identity, emerging in a land inhabited by another people developing its own national consciousness.
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Islam and the west- 1 foundations of Islam- what does Islam translate to?
Submission to God (Allah)
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Islam and the west- 1 foundations of islam. what does Muslim translate to? what are the roots of s-l-m?
"one who submits". the roots of s-l-m are peace, wholeness, and well-being
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Islam and the west- 1 foundations of islam. what does Qur'an translate to? who was it revealed to and what is it considered?
recitation. it was revealed to Muhammad (610-632 CR) and considered the literal word of God.
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Islam and the west- who was Muhammad? what was the core confession?
the final prophet and messenger ("the seal of the prophets" meaning that muslims believe the prophecy ends with him) in a line that includes Noah, Abraham, Moses, and Jesus. the core confession was "There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah"
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Islam and the west- what is Shari'ah?
a comprehensive sacred law derived from the Quar'an that integrated religious, social, and political life. Classical Islamic political thought didn't separate religion and the state.
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Islam and the west- 2 formation of the Muslim Community 1. what is Hijrah (622 CE)
Hijrah is when Muhammad and his followers migrated from Mecca to Medina. It marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar and established the 'ummah' (political religious community). Muhammad died in 632, leading to a succession crisis about who should lead the community, which produced the enduring Sunni-Shi'i split.
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Islam and the west- what is the sunni-shi'a split? what does it look like today?
The Sunni-Shi'a split is fundamentally about legitimate leadership of the muslim community.
- Sunnis accepted elected caliph (Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali), and emphasize the sunnah (example of Muhammed (profet) as a key source of authority. They thought the leader should be a caliph chosen by community.
- Shi'i believed that leadership should remain in Muhammad's family, follow line of Imams beginning with Ali. The Martyrdom of Husayn at the Battle of Karbala was decisive, becoming the defining trauma of Shi'i identity. They thought a leader was to be divinely guided Imam from Muhammad's lineage
Today: about 85-90% Sunni, and about 10-15% Shi'a. This division remains geopolitically significant.
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Islam and the west- 3 expansion and Golden Age.
Within a century of Muhammad's death there was a rapid expansion of Muslim rule (7th-8th centuries) across Byzantine and Persion territories, reaching North Africa, Spain, Central and South Asia.
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Islam and the west- 3 expansion and Golden Age. how were non-muslims classified and what were their status?
classified as "people of the Book". They were granted Dhimmi status (protected but subordinate) under Islamic rule. This meant they were allowed to practice religion and maintain communal authority but with special taxes and legal and political limitations.
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Islam and the West- 3 Expansion and Golden Age- what happened in the Abbasid Golden Age (750-1258)?
Bagdad "House of Wisdom" became intellectual center with many major developments, include translation of Greek philosophy, and advancements in mathematics, medicine, astronomy, and scientific method.
Muslim spain also became a major center of learning.
At this time, islamic civilization was intellectually dominant and Europe was comparatively weaker
36
Islam and the West- 4 Shift in Power crusades to colonialism. What did the crusades (beginning in 1095) bring, what did they look like?
brought prolonged conflict between European Christian forces and Muslim powers.
In 1099 Jerusalem was captured and massacred, acting as a lasting memory of Western Agression.
in 1258 was the mongol destruction of Baghdad, ending Abbasid political dominance.
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Islam and the West- 4 Shift in Power crusades to colonialism. explain the rise of Europe. what happened in the 18th-20th centuries?
Europe rose in power with the Renaissance, Maritime exploration, Colonial empires, leading to a gradual shift in global power. There was then Ottoman military setbacks (for example Vienna). In the 18th-20th centuries much of the Muslim world was under European rule. After ww2 the Middle East was partitioned by European powers. Artificial borders contributed to long-term instability.
38
Islam and the West- 5 Israel and competing narratives. when was the creation of Israel? What were the Arab and Jewish perspectives?
1948 creation of Israel.
Arabs saw as Western colonial intrusion.
Jewish saw as national self-determination.
Conflict remains central to regional politics.
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Islam and the West - what was the relationship of Islam and the West?
Relationship was shaped by cycles of conflict and coexistence
1009: the Shiite Fatimids of Egypt under deranger ruler Al-Hakim ordered the destruction of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem.
1095: there was the first of the crusades (Pope Urban II),
1099: crusaders took Jerusalem.
1187: Muslim army of Salah ad-Din (saladin) took back Jerusalem.
- 1683: Ottoman Turks fail to take Vienna in the Battle of Vienna- symbolized beginning of long-term Ottoman decline relative to Europe.
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Islam and the West- 6 what helped fuel the rise of Islamism?
Post-independence Muslim-majority states arose, often secular and authoritarian, modelled partly on western systems. Disappointment with corruption, inequality, and repression helped fuel the rise of Islamism
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Islam and the West- 6 Islamism. what is islamism?
political ideology that society and government should be organized according to islamic principles
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Islam and the West- 6 Islamism. what is the difference between Islam and Islamism?
Islam is the religion, whereas Islamism is a political project
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Islam and the West- 6 Islamism. Who is Sayyid Qutb, what did he argue, call for, and influence?
egyptian activist and author who argued that the modern world lives in ignorance of divine guidance, called for restoration of Islamic political authority, and his writing influenced later extremist movements.
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Islam and the West- 7 Jihad and Extremism. what is Jihad, greater and lesser?
Jihad means "struggle" (fight against the enemies of Islam and for the protection of the Islamic community).
Greater jihad is internal moral struggle,
Lesser jihad is external struggle
45
Islam and the West- what is Jihadism?
a modern militant ideology that is not representative of mainstream islamic law
46
Islam and the West- 7 Jihad and Extremism. What does classical Islamic law forbid? (3) why is this important?
forbids killing non-combatants, suicide, and forced conversion. Extremist interpretations distort tradition.
47
Islam and the West- 7 Jihad and Extremism. what are the 2 key points?
vast majority of muslims reject terrorism and extremism represents a tiny minority.
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Islam and the West 8- Contemporary Geopolitics in Iran and Saudi Arabia
Iran: Shi'ite Islamic, Republic (since 1979 revolt) following a theocratic structure (combines clerical authority with republican institutions).
Saudi Arabia: Sunni monarchy with a conservative religious establishment that is long allied with the U.S..
This regional rivalry shapes conflicts with Yemen, Syria, etc.).
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Islam and the West 9- Islamophobia in the West
there is a rising distrust and hostility towards muslims which manifest in discriminatory rhetoric and policy, the Quebec mosque shooting (2017), and Christchurch massacre in New Zealand (2019).
Islamophobia fuels extremist narratives creating a cycle of fear and reaction.
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Islam and the West 10- The Arab Spring (2011-) what is it? What are the outcomes? what is the result?
popular uprisings across the Arab world against authoritarian regimes. There have been mixed outcomes: brief democratic openings and return to repression in many states. The result is instability, cynicism, and unresolved reform.
51
Islam and the West- Saudi Arabia. what are Saudi religious politics shaped by? what is the puritanical Wahhabi movement?
politics are shaped by the alliance between Muhammed ibn Abd al-Wahhab (religious reformer) and Muhammad ibn Saud (tribal ruler), which produced the Wahhabi movement within Sunni Islam that seeks to purify Islam by returnbing to what is sees as the original, strict monotheism practices by the earliest muslims.
52
The Arab-Israeli Conflict- 1. Partition, War, and the Birth of Israel. what did the 1947-49 UN partition plan propose? what was the outcome?
the population of Mandatory Palestine at the time was about 1.24 million Arabs (about 2/3) and about 600,00 Jews (about 1/3). The proposed division was for the Jewish state to have 56% of territory (much of it Negev desert), Arab state 43%, and to have Jerusalem as an international zone.
Arab states and Palestinian leadership rejected the plan.
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The Arab-Israeli Conflict-1. Partition, War, and the Birth of Israel. What was the 1948 War?
May 14th 1948 Israel declared independence (PM Ben-Gurion), the next day Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, and Iraq invaded. Israeli forces were ultimately better organized and equipped. The war was marked by brutality on both sides, there were documented expulsions and massacres of Palestinian villagers. in March of the next year Armistice agreements concluded
54
The Arab-Israeli Conflict-1. Partition, War, and the Birth of Israel. what were the outcomes of the 1948 war?
Israel expanded from 56% (partition) to 78% of territory. The West Bank was annexed by Jordan, and Gaza controlled by Egypt. About 750,000 Palestinians became refugees, and simultaneously about 800,000-900,00 Jews left/ were expelled from Arab lands.
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The Arab-Israeli Conflict- 1. Partition, War, and the Birth of Israel. what happened to the Palestinian citizens of Israel following the 1948 war?
about 150,000 stayed and were granted citizenship in 1952. Formal equalities were promised but substantial socioeconomic disparities persist. Today there are about 2.1 million Palestinian citizens (about 21% of the population).
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The Arab-Israeli Conflict- 2 Suez crisis: cold war and regional realignment. Who was Nasser? Explain his rise
Nasser was the First Egyptian PM and then president in 1956. He promoted Arab nationalism, and nationalized the Suez Canal in 1956
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2 Suez crisis: cold war and regional realignment. How did Nasser gain popularity?
used hatred towards Israel
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The Arab-Israeli Conflict-2 Suez crisis: cold war and regional realignment. what was the Suez crisis?
Britain, France, and Israel attacked Egypt. It ended with the first UN peacekeeping force.
Egypt retained the canal, rising Nasser's prestige
59
The Arab-Israeli Conflict- what provoked the 1956 Suez crisis?
Nasser nationalized the Canal, which was an international waterway used by several countries to get from Med sea to Red sea. The British (big Canal shareholders) and french got angry anbd planned military action against Egypt. The suez crisis was provoked by French and British response to Nasser's nationalization of the Canal.
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The Arab-Israeli Conflict- who was involved in the 1957 Suez crisis?
all of France, Britain, Egypt, and Israel
61
The Arab-Israeli Conflict- How did 1956 Suez Crisis end?
with UN peacekeeping force telling Britain, France, and Israel to stop, withdrew from egypt.
This strengthened Nasser's standing as Egypt kept control of the canal and "won". As a result, the UN established emergency force to police and patrol the Egypt-Israel border.
62
The Arab-Israeli Conflict- 2 Suez crisis: cold war and regional realignment. What were the nuclear beginnings?
The french assisted Israel's Dimona reactor (1957). U.S. was suspicious, Israel maintained nuclear ambiguity. By the late 1960s, the CIA concluded that Israel possessed nuclear weapons.
63
The Arab-Israeli conflict- what events led up to the 1967 Arab-Israeli (6 day) war? (4)
1. early 1960s- cold war between Arab radicals and conservative Arab monarchies. Israel + france secretly working together on nuclear bombs, Israel had by 70s and bought weapons from the U.S.
2. 1964: Egypt made PLO, hoping to use to control Palestinian nationalists who were forming political and military organizations (e.g. Fatah) who declared need to launch an armed struggle against Israel.
3. 1966: Syria + Palestinians called for people's war against Israel to reclaim land, sent spys across borders, Israeli raids-> arab deaths-> tensions.
4. 1967: Israeli-Syrian fights-> downed 6 Syrian Jets
64
The Arab-Israeli Conflict. 3- 1967 6 day war: Turning point. what was the escalation?
Egypt pushed for war because the Soviet Union told them Israel was massing soldiers on Israeli-Syrian border to attack, Egypt knew it wasn't true but took steps: Nasser mobilized Egyptian forces in Sinai, asked UN peacekeepers to leave (did), closed Straits of Tiran in Red Sea to Israeli ships. U.S. Diplomatic efforts failed.
Israel attacked and decimated Arab armies in 6 days.
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The Arab-Israeli Conflict. 3- 1967 6 day war: Turning point. How did Israel win?
Egypt made military pacts with Jordan, Syria, and Iraq and placed massive amounts of troops on borders. Israel surprise campaign destroyed tons of egyptian aircrafts and bombed runways, routed egyptian army from the Sinai peninsula, crushed Jordanian army in Jerusalem and West Bank, and Thrashed syrian army in Golan Heights.
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The Arab-Israeli Conflict. 3- 1967 6 day war: Turning point. what were the results
1. Israel captured the Sinai penninsula, Gaza strip, West Bank (including East Jerusalem) and Golan Heights. Now controlling territory 3x larger than in 1947 plan.
2. about 300,000 additional Palestinians were displaced and over 2 million under Israeli occupation.
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The Arab-Israeli Conflict. 3- 1967 6 day war: Turning point. what was the UN resolution 242
"Land for peace formula": Israeli withdrawal from occupied territories, recognition of Israel by Arab states.
The Arab league responded with Khartoum Resolution (the 3 No's)- No peace with Israel, no recognition of Israel, no negotiation with Israel.
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The Arab-Israeli Conflict. 3- 1967 6 day war: Turning point. what were the long-term consequences?
1. the beginning of jewish-Israeli settlements in palestinian territories (which have been major obstacles to peace agreements)
2. War ended Arab nationalism, leaving lane clear for rivals Islamism and radical islamism
3. Cemented U.S.-Israel alliance (because for one geo-politics amidst the cold war so Amnerican policymakers saw Israel as a Bull against the Soviet Union, and 2 Religion: believed because of divine intervention, biblical Israel, 2nd coming of Jesus in sight).
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The Arab-Israeli Conflict. 4- the rise of the PLO. when was it founded? who was it led by?
founded in 1964 (secular nationalist), led by Yasser Arafat (Fatah) after 1967.
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The Arab-Israeli Conflict. 4- the rise of the PLO. what happened in the 1972 Munich Olympics?
Hostage taking and killing of Israeli team members at the Olympics by the Palestinian militant group Black September (linked to PLO and Fatah) who demanded the release of over 200 Palestinian prisoners held by Israel
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The Arab-Israeli Conflict. 4- the rise of the PLO. why was the PLO expelled form Jordan in 1970-71? where did it relocate to?
Expelled from Jordan after violent confrontation with the Jordanian Monarchy (Black September), Jordan's King Hussein thought the PLO grew too powerful inside Jordan and that his regime was at risk. Relocated to Lebanon.
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The Arab-Israeli Conflict. 5- 1973 Yom Kippur/ October War. What was it? what was the war about?
Al-Sadat became President of Egypt after Nasser died, engineered rapprochement with U.S. (under Nixon), wanted to reach negotiation with Israel, forced issue by surprise attacking with Egyptian and Syrian military on Holyest day of the Jewish year.
Israel ran low on ammunition, given some by U.S., circled Egyptians, Egyptian army threatened to cut off oil to U.S. so Americans forced/pressured Israelis to stop.
The war was about getting a position of strength
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The Arab-Israeli Conflict. 5- 1973 Yom Kippur/ October War. Resolution 338
calls for negotiations based on resolution 242
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The Arab-Israeli Conflict. 6- Camp David and Egyptian-Israeli peace. what was Al Sadat's strategic shift?
secret diplomacy with Israel and Historic 1977 visit to Jerusalem
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The Arab-Israeli Conflict. 6- Camp David and Egyptian-Israeli peace. what were the camp david Accords?
Sadat, Begin (Israeli PM) and President Carter (U.S.) negotiated two frameworks: 1. Egyptian Israeli relations-> led to peace treaty 1979, and 2. Palestinian autonomy-> led to nothing because following autonomy talks stalled and ended in 1980.
Israel completed withdrawal from Sinai in 1982. By late 80s most Arab countries restored diplomatic relations and Arab league welcomes Egypt as member.
The accords were a framework for peace.
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The Arab-Israeli Conflict. 6- Camp David and Egyptian-Israeli peace. what were its 2 significances?
1. ended era of conventional Arab-Israeli wards,
2. Conflict shifted toward Israel vs. non-state actors (PLO, later Hamas, Hezbollah).
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The Arab-Israeli Conflict. 7- Settlements and Ongoing Disputes
Israeli settlements expanded in West Bank and East Jerusalem. Gaza settlements dismantled in 2005. Golan Heights annexed in 1981 (recognition in 2019). And Jerusalem declared Israel's capital; U.S. embassy moved (2018).
Settlements became major obstacle to a two-state solution.
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The Arab-Israeli Conflict. 8- Concluding themes
1. competing national narratives: Israeli "war of independence" vs. Palestinian "Al-Nakba" (catastrophe).
2. Land for peace: central diplomatic formula since 1967.
3. shift in nature of conflict: 1948-1973 interstate wars. post 1973- Insurgency, terrorism, occupation, settlement politics.
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Arab-Israeli conflict. Who was Anwar al-Sadat?
2nd Egyptian PM after Nasser
80
Arab-Israeli conflict. Who was Golda Meir?
4th Israeli PM
81
Arab-Israeli conflict. Who was Menachem Begin?
6th Israeli PM
82
Israel & Hamas- who is David?
The first king, the Mashiach/ 'Annointed One'
83
Israel & Hamas- when was the destruction of the Firts temple, what did it signify? when was the second destruction?
586 BCE, it was the beginning of Jewish exile in Babylon. There were no Dadivic kings after this. The second temple was destroyed in 70CE
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Israel & Hamas- When did the first Jewish war/revolt start?
66CE. Many Jews were slaughtered, others taken to rome as slaves.
85
Israel & Hamas- what started in 132CE? what was its result? what were Rabbis reactions?
Bar Khokba revolt. Its result was that Bar Khokba and his followers were killed and it ended with Jerusalem and all Judean towns in rubble, more than half a million Jewish dead, mass enslavement by the Romans of the survivors. END OF A JEWISH MAJORITY IN JUDEA.
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Israel & Hamas- what were Rabbis reactions to the Bar Kohkba revolt? what came of this?
Rabbis said no more trying to anticipate when the Messiah will come, leave it up to God. But messianism still had strong hold on Jews, e.g. mysticism full of speculation about the eschaton (end of times). Some jewish mystics tried to speed up the redemption of the Jews through supposed direct communication with God (mystic is about making yourself part of God/merging yourself with god). In many jewish communities messianic pretenders arose who would try to convince others to join in the return to the land of Israel.
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Israel & Hamas- who was Shabatai? why was he important?
the false Messiah to convince Jews to go back to their homeland (1665-1667), surge in messianic enthusiasm. The majority of Jews all over the diaspora took huge measures to welcome what they thought was the imminent Jewish redemption. Shabatai then converted to Islam, the majority of his followers were in dispair but some did the same- Shabbatian movement.
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Israel & Hamas- why were Rabbis opposed to Zionism?
because of the Shabbatian movement and its consequences and their longstanding opposition to active redemptionism (trying to guess when the Messiah was coming, trying to make the Messiah come)
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Israel & Hamas- what was the 1912 ultra orthodox Union (Haridim) of Israel movement? when did it start and why?
a counterweight movement to the Zionist Organization, they don't support the existence of the state of Israel (including some who live there). Haridim means "those who tremble". It started in the 19th century when Jewish leaders were encouraging Jews to assimilate into Euro culture, so a group of conservative Rabbis launched a movement that rejected modernity in favour of a strict interpretation of their most holy scriptures, the Torah. They shut themselves off from the world, lived in closed communities, and dress in traditional garb that they felt allowed them to maintain a distinctly Jewish identity. This made the Haradim easy targets for Euro and anti-semitism and they were almost completely wiped out in the holocaust, some who survived fled to Palestine. THEY SEE THAT the return to the holy land brought about by humans without the Messiah's coming/direct a direct intervention of God as blashpemy.
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Israel & Hamas- what group of beliefs/views does anti-Zionism come from? In few words what was their belief?
religious right/ultra orthodox. view was that, following Maimonides (dominant figure of medieval Judaism) only God could bring about the advent of the Messianic age.
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Israel & Hamas- the founder of Zionism and his successors were all ______? what does this mean?
secular Jews, meaning that they identify with Jewish culture but don't practice the religion or believe in its theological aspects
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Israel and Hamas- religious Zionists. when did the movement begin? what did they believe?
started in 1830s. believed that Jews could make efforts towards restoration of a Jewish state without the coming of the Messiah.
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Isreal and Hamas- 20th century religious Zionism. who was Rav Kook? what were his views?
he was a mystic that said that the Jewish people and the Jewish homeland could not be redeemed separately from eachother. He saw WW1 as evidence that the Christian west was morally bankrupt, so the time was imminent when Jews would again show the world how to live in the sight of God. For him, the return to the Land of Israel was the first act of the redemption that would include the coming of the Messiah (get to first Israel, then Palestine, then the Messiah comes). He believed that secular, even anti-religious zionists and/or athiest zionists were doing God's work, they just didn't know it.
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Israel & Hamas- Rabbi Moshe Levenger, son of Rav kook. What were his views? what were the 3 stages for Jewish redemption?
He shared his father's ideas but took them even further, gave a roadmap for the political and spiritual steps necessary to bring about the Jewish redemption- 3 stages: first step was fulfilled by the jewish return to the land of Israel, but wouldn't be complete until all jews worldwide returned to the land. 2nd stage: Jewish retaking the west bank, called Judea Samaria (greatest concern in Middle East geopolitics) and having all Jews resettle in the West Bank, Judea, and Samaria. 3rd stage: repentance of love- Jews who had experienced this renewed contact with the entire land of Israel would turn towards God, Torah, and in this last stage, the Messiah would come and redemption would occur.
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Israel & Hamas- What contributed to the formation of the Group called Gush Emunim? what slogan was it founded under?
the discontent among israelis regarding the 1973 Yom Kippur/October war. It was founded under the slogan 'the Land of Israel for the ppl of Israel, according to the Torah of isra'. Lots of Orthodox Jews participated in the fighting of the 1973 war, who now felt empowered to have their theological viewpoint part of the national conversation in Israel as they believed they had personally helped to save the state, called the zionism of redemption. For them, everything hinged on the settlement of the greater lands of Israel.
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Israel & Hamas- what is Hamas? when was it founded?
An islamic resistance movement/political movement with a Gaza based military wingfounded in 1928.
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Israel & Hamas- what did the original Hamas charter pledge? what did it call for?
to bring every inch of palestine under islamic rule and law (sharia). It called for destruction of the state of israel and the murder of Jews in general.
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Israel & Hamas- who started Hamas? what did he advocate for? how was he killed?
Sheikh Ahmed Yassin, who called for attacks and killings on israel, said that any reconciliation with Jews is a crime, organized suicide bombings, killed by Israeli hellfire missiles,
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Israel & Hamas- what happened in 2005?
Israel disengaged from Gaza, withdrew all soldiers, uprooted all of its settlements and synagogues, left behind many greenhouses to help Gaza, which Hamas destroyed bc they didn't want to accept any help from Israel. Although Israel evicted its settlers and withdrew from GAza, it never formally relinguesd control of Gaza, and continued to control Gaza's land, sea, and air borders as well as most crossings for people and the movement of goods.
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Israel & Hamas- what happened in 2006?
the US imposed palestinian elections, Hamas won (44% vs 41%) against Fatah (party of Yasser Arafat), who had lost the faith of the palestinian ppl after years of corruption. Hamas party said they were more moderate but broke this promise. There was a bit over a year of power sharing in Gaza between Hamas and Fatah.
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Israel & Hamas- what happened in 2007?
Palestinian quasi civil war that lasted 4 days and Hamas overthrew Fatah in Gaza and instituted a repressive theocratic dictatorship, which has been in place ever since. The fatah/PLO declared a state of emergency which made legislature irrelevant but Fatah was confined to the west bank.
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Israel & Hamas- what is the second Islamic group other than Hamas? when was it founded? Where does it operate out of ? what does it do?
Islamic Jihad, founded in Gaza in 1981, operates out of both Gaza and the West Bank. It coordinates most military activity among the various armed groups there
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Israel & Hamas- what were/are conditions in Gaza like? what were conditions like before the recent war?
Israeli blockades, controlling people's movements and the movements of goods, reducing imports and exports, prevented all but a few Gazans from leaving. Before the recent war, Gaza had a nearly 50% unemployment rate, 80% of Gazans were dependent on international aid, dire shortages of electricity and medecine
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Israel & Hamas- what happened in 2008-2009?
war 1/4. Operation cast lead. Hamas ended truce with Israel that was brokered by Egyptians. Rocket attacks from Gaza into Israel, brief invasion of Gaza by Israel but then they withdrew (did it strategically at end of Bush's presidency bc they knew they'd get support from him bc he was evangelical). After 22 days of fighting, two days before Obama took office, Israel declared ceasefire, then next day Hamas and other militant groups in Gaza declared ceasefire. Both Israel and Hamas were charged by UN with warcrimes.
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Israel & Hamas- what happened in 2012?
war 2/4. Operation pillar defense. 8 days. In this war, Israeli air force killed the chief of Hamas military wing, Hamas and other Palestinian militant groups in Gaza fired long range rockets supplied by Iran towards TelAviv and Jerusalem. Ani missile system Iron Dome intercepted 421 Hamas rockets.
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Israel & Hamas- what happened in 2014?
war 3/4. 50 days of fighting. Obama unsuccessfully tried to broker peace deal btwn israel and Palestinians, proposed parameters for negotiations in accordance with two states or two ppls, collapsed so Obama gave up. End of June 2014 Hamas bombarded Israeli territory with rockets, about a year and a half, in response IDF launched Operation Protective Edge: airstrikes, ground invasion, on gaza, had to deal with Hamas' long tunnels leading into Israel from gaza. Egyptian proposal for a ceasefire was accepted by both sides in august 2014.
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Israel & hamas- what were the terms for the ceasefire for the 2014 war?
deal put both sides basically where they were at the end of 2012, with terms that called for easing (but not lifting) Israeli restrictions on travel, trade, fishing in Gaza, and left the broader issues underpinning the conflict unresolved.
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Israel & Hamas- in relation to the 2014 war, what is "moving the lawn"?
Israelis talk about dettering Hamas for a fixed period, "mowing the lawn" is achieving a period of calm for a set period of time.
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Israel & Hamas- what happened in 2021? what was its goal? what precipitated it from Hamas' perspective? what were the events/actions of war?
4/4 war. 11 day war. goal was complete destruction of Hamas. Precipitated from Hamas' perspective by Israel's overly harsh policing of Al Asqua mosque compound on the Temple Mount and the threatened eviction of dozens of Palestinian families by Jewish settlers in East Jerusalem. Hamas fired long range rockets of Jerusalem, Israel responded by launching airstrikes on Gaza city, aerial assault on Gaza. Ceasefire brokered again by Egypt with U.S. support (under Trump).
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Israel and Hamas- who has been the prime minister of israel for a combined 16 years? How do ppl feel about him?
Benjamin Natanyahu. most Israelis want him gone
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Israel and hamas- what was Netanyahu's strategy toward Hamas?
divide and conquer- he let Hamas be strong to weaken Palestinian authority- if their leadership remains split and one part has a terrorist label it'll be easier for him to refuse to engage with them and deny them as peace partners
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Israel and Hamas- what were the Abraham Accords?
under their first phase in 2020, the israelis made an agreement brokered by the US with the UAE and Bahrain (and later Morocco and Sudan), who officially recognized israel in exchange for, among other things, promises of intel, security, tech, and trade cooperation with israel and weapons systems from the US. This normalized relations between Israel and Arab staes, but left out Palestine, which was seen as a betrayal.
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Israel and Hamas-
continue from Feb 26th genio notes
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Israel and Hamas-
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Israel and Hamas-
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Israel and Hamas-
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the taliban- when did the Taliban govern until? why/how and by who were they driven from power? when did they regain it?
2001. Driven from power by US bombing campaign that followed 9/11 attacks, the taliban gave refuge to Osama bin Laden and his Al Qaeda organization. they fought tirelessly to battle the Afghani gov after they lost power. After americans withdrew from Afghanistan in 2021 the taliban got back in power
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