1/29 immunity

Question 1

what are antigens

Answer 1

substances that cause an allergic reaction; can be self or non self

Question 2

1. what are self antigens called?
2. what does it stand for?
3. what are they?

Answer 2

1. HLA
2. human leukocytic antigens
3. a series of proteins on chromosome #6

Question 3

1. how many classes of HLA are there?

2. how many different alleles (HLAs) are there?

Answer 3

1. 2 classes

2. 42 different alleles

Question 4

1. class 1s are on all cells except for ____?

2. class 1s and 2s are on what cells?

Answer 4

1. RBCs, (they have ABO alleles)

2. B Lymphocytes, Macrophages, Epithelial cells

Question 5

1. HLA proteins must be inserted in what___receptor?
2. what does it stand for?
3. how does it work?

Answer 5

1. MHC
2. major histocompatibility complex
3. HLAs are placed on the MHC on the cell surface for identification of self or non-self

Question 6

what are the types of MHCs?

Answer 6

types I and II

Question 7

agranulocytes:

2 types:

Answer 7

1. lymphocytes

2. monocytes

Question 8

1. what do monocytes become?
2. when do they do this?
3. what do monocytes do?

Answer 8

1. macrophages
2. when they leave the blood and enter the tissues
3. phagocytocize and present pieces of pathogens to T cells

Question 9

what are monocytes called in each of these organs/areas:

1. liver?
2. spleen?
3. lymph nodes?
4. all other cells?

Answer 9

1. kupher cells
2. reticulocytes
3. dendricytes
4. histocytes

Question 10

1. what do dendrites do (in lymph system)?

2. what do reticulocytes do in the spleen?

Answer 10

1. present antigens to the immune system

2. present antigens in the blood for destruction

Question 11

what are lymphocytes types?

Answer 11

1. CD4

2. CD8

Question 12

1. what does a CD4 lymphocyte become?

2. what does a CD8 lymphocyte become

Answer 12

1. CD4 becomes T helper cell

2. CD8 becomes cytotoxic T cell

Question 13

why do old people get sick more often?

Answer 13

shrinking thymus puts out less T cells

Question 14

b-cells

1. what does the b stand for? where is that found?
2. where are they formed in humans?

Answer 14

1. burqua of fabricus, found in chickens

2. formed in Bone marrow

Question 15

1. what do natural killer cells do?

2. what cells can activate the NKCs?

Answer 15

1. kills any cell that doesnt quite seem right

2. macrophages

Question 16

1-3. what are the granulocytes?

4. what do they do?

Answer 16

1. neutrophils
2. eosinophils
3. basophils
4. deal with inflammation

Question 17

what is the first responder to inflammation?

Answer 17

1. neutrophils:

2. phagocytocize, release hypoxychlorite, hydrogen peroxide, proteases, o2 radicals

Question 18

1. what do basophils become?

2. what do they do (5 things)?

Answer 18

1. Mast cells
2. call in eosinophils to destroy invaders (eosinophil chemotactic factor),call neutrophils (neutrophil chemotactic factor), secrete histhamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandin

Question 19

what do eosinophils do?

Answer 19

janitor that cleans up, kills roundworms, kills fungus, makes major basic protein which is very alkaline/ caustic (digests parynchema in reactive asthma)

Question 20

what is gene shuffling?

Answer 20

when b-cells have to find the right shaped antibody for the presented antigen

Question 21

1. what are the 5 antibodies?

2. what is the constant part of each of the 5 antibodies

Answer 21

1. IgD, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgG

2. the FC portion where complement binds is the constant portion of an antibody

Question 22

when you are first exposed to somthing (antigen), which is the first antibody to respond?

Answer 22

IgM

Question 23

what does IgM turn into (which is also the most abundant antibody)

Answer 23

IgG

Question 24

what are the class 1 HLAs

Answer 24

A,B,C,

Question 25

What are the class 2 HLAs

Answer 25

Dp,Dq,Dr

Question 26

IgE 1. what is the shape? 2. where does it sit on mast cells and macrophages? 3. what does it do?

Answer 26

1. "Y" shaped 2. sits on the FC receptor of Mast and Macs 3. Arms the cells

Question 27

IgD | what does it do?

Answer 27

no one knows what it does (possibly came from B-cell gene shuffling)

Question 28

1. what is the FAB fragment? | 2. where is it found?

Answer 28

1. FAB is fragment antigen binding site (it catches the antigen pieces) 2. on the "Y" tips of the antibody

Question 29

shapes of antibodies: 1. IgM 2. IgG 3. IgE 4. IgA

Answer 29

1. IgM has 5 antibodies on it 2. IgG is a single antibody 3. IgE is a single antibody 4. IgA is a double antibody

Question 30

T helper cell uses what to connect with B cell

Answer 30

CD4 & CD28

Question 31

1. what does the macrophage use to connect to the T helper's CD28? 2. the T helper's CD4 connects to what on the macrophage?

Answer 31

1. CD80 | 2. MHC II

Question 32

cytotoxic Ts have connectors that help them to connect to other cells; what are they?

Answer 32

1. CD8 connects to the MHC of the cell | 2. the CD28 connects to the cells CD80

Question 34

what do cytotoxic T cells secrete to destroy infected cells, how does it work?

Answer 34

1. perforin | 2. it perforates the cell membrane of infected cells and they die

Question 35

T helpers secrete what to cause migration of Natural Killers

Answer 35

Interferon

Question 36

Cell mediated Immunity: | what do macrophages secrete (3 chemicals) and what affect do these have on T helpers?

Answer 36

1. IL-1: activates the T-helpers 2. IL-2: causes clonal expansion; causes some T-helpers to become T-memory cells 2. IL-12: causes T-helper to release interferon (which recruits Natural killers

Question 36

eventually some of the T cells go into retirement: 1. what do T-helper cells become? 2. what do cytotoxic T cells become?

Answer 36

1. T memory (remember the antigen from previous illnesses) | 2. T suppressor (suppress the immune system when not needed)

Question 37

what do some B cells eventually become?

Answer 37

plasma cells

Question 38

what 3 chemicals do T cells secrete that causes the B cell to gene shuffle?

Answer 38

1. IL4 2. IL5 3. IL6

Question 39

what kind of connectors does the B cell have?

Answer 39

MHCII and CD40

Question 40

what happens when mast cells degranulate (release 5 things)

Answer 40

they release: 1. leukotrienes 2. prostaglandin E 3. neutrophil chemotactic factor 4. eosinophil chemotactic factor 5. histhamine