1 | Cells

Question 1

2 types of microscopes?

Answer 1

• light microscope
• electron microscope

Question 2

Structural features of a nucleus?

Answer 2

Dense matter surrounded by a membrane
- contains DNA/chromatin/chromosomes

Question 3

Function of a nucleus

Answer 3

Controls cell activities
- cell growth
- repair of worn out parts

Question 4

Structural features of cytoplasm

Answer 4

Jelly-like substance in the intercellular space

Question 5

Function of cytoplasm?

Answer 5

Site of cellular activities

Question 6

Structural features of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

Answer 6

• Surface appears rough
• Network of flattened spaces studded with ribosomes
• Continuous with nuclear envelope

Question 7

Function of the RER

Answer 7

transport proteins made by ribosomes to GG for secretion out of the cell

Question 8

What is the RER?

Answer 8

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 9

What is the SER?

Answer 9

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 10

Structural features SER?

Answer 10

• no ribosomes
• more tubular

Question 11

Function of the SER?

Answer 11

• synthesizes fats and steroids
• involved in detoxification of harmful substances

Question 12

Function of the ribosome?

Answer 12

• synthesise proteins
• ribosomes on RER synthesise protein for secretion
• free ribosomes in cytoplasm synthesise protein for use within the cell

Question 13

Structural features of cellulose cell wall?

Answer 13

• rigid
• fully permeable

Question 14

Function of cellulose cell wall?

Answer 14

• protect cell from injury
• provides fixed shape

Question 15

What is the GG?

Answer 15

Golgi apparatus / Golgi body

Question 16

Structural features of the GG?

Answer 16

stack of flattened discs

Question 17

Function of the GG?

Answer 17

• stores and modifies proteins from the ER
• packages substances in vesicles for secretion out of the cell

Question 18

Structural features of the mitochondria?

Answer 18

oval in shape

Question 19

Function of the mitochondria?

Answer 19

The site where energy is released during aerobic respiration
- glucose is oxidised
Energy used for cellular activities like growth and respiration

Question 20

Structural features of chloroplasts

Answer 20

contains chlorophyll

Question 21

Function of chloroplasts

Answer 21

site of photosynthesis

Question 22

Structural features of cell surface membrane

Answer 22

selectively permeable

Question 23

Functions of cell surface membranes

Answer 23

Controls movement of substances in and out of the cell

Question 24

Structural features of vacuoles

Answer 24

Plant: large, central vacuole
Animal: small, numerous vacuoles

Question 25

Function of vacuoles

Answer 25

stores water and food minerals - carbohydrates and vitamins

Question 26

Difference between plant and animal cells

Answer 26

notes

Question 27

3 specialised cells

Answer 27

RBC Xylem cell Root hair cell

Question 28

Structural adaptations and function of RBC

Answer 28

contains haemoglobin - haemoglobin binds reversibly to oxygen circular biconcave shape - increases surface area to volume ratio for faster uptake of O2 absence of nucleus - allows packing of more haemoglobin

Question 29

Structural adaptations and function of xylem cell

Answer 29

only contains cell wall; absence of cytoplasm (hollow and narrow) - water and absorbed mineral salts are carried up in a continuous stream easily ligin deposited on walls -

Question 30

Structural adaptations and function of xylem cell

Answer 30

only contains cell wall; absence of cytoplasm (hollow and narrow) - water and absorbed mineral salts are carried up in a continuous stream easily lignin deposited on walls - provides structural support

Question 31

Structural adaptations and function of root hair cell

Answer 31

long and narrow extension - increases surface area 2 volume ratio for faster absorption of water and mineral salts lower water potential in vacuole - water enters the root hair cell via osmosis contain numerous mitochondria - release energy for active transport of mineral salts

Question 32

Levels of organisation in living things

Answer 32

Cells → simple tissues → complex tissues → organs → organ system → organism

Question 33

What are simple tissues?

Answer 33

contain cells of the same type which are grouped together to carry out a specialised function

Question 34

What are complex tissues?

Answer 34

contain cells of the different types which are grouped together to carry out specialised function

Question 35

What is an organ?

Answer 35

made up of tissues that are assembled together to perform one specialised function

Question 36

What is an organ system

Answer 36

formed from several different organs, whose functions are closely related.