GCSE Engineering > 1 - Engineering materials > Flashcards

1 - Engineering materials Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the material properties?

A
  • strength
  • ductility
  • malleability
  • hardness
  • touughness and brittleness
  • stiffness
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2
Q

What is strength ?

A

Strength is the ability of a material to withstand a constant force without breaking.

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3
Q

What is yeild strength ?

A

The yield strength is the amount of stress needed to start permanently deforming the material.

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4
Q

When considering the tensile strenth of a material, what are two values considered ?

A
  • The yeild strength
  • The ultimate tensile strength.
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5
Q

What is the ultimate tensile strength?

A

The ultimate tensile strength is the stress at which the material eventually fails.

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6
Q

What are the five forces that can act upon a material ?

A
  • Tension
  • Compression
  • Shear
  • Torsion
  • Bending
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7
Q

How to calculate stress ?

A

Stress (σ) = force (F) / area (A)

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8
Q

What is Elasticity ?

A

Elasticity is a measurement of a material’s ability to stretch under force and return to its original shape without deformation when the force is removed.

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9
Q

What is Ductility ?

A

Ductility is a material’s ability to be drawn or pulled in to a long length or wire without breaking.

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10
Q

How to calculate strain ?

A

Strain (ε) = change in length (ΔL) / original length (L)

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11
Q

What is Malleability ?

A

Malleability is a material’s ability to be permanently deformed or shaped by impact, rolling or pressing without breaking.

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12
Q

What is Hardness ?

A

The ability of a material to with withstand scratching, cutting or abrasion.

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13
Q

What is Toughness?

A

Toughness can be described as a material’s ability to with withstand impact from a dynamic force.

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14
Q

What is Stiffness ?

A

The ability of a material to resist bending.

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15
Q

What is Young Modulus?

A

In part, stiffness is related to the strength of a material - the stronger the material and the more it resists deforming, the stiffer it is. This is shown by the Young Modulus of the material.

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16
Q

What is the equation for Young Modulus ?

A

Young’s Modulus (E) = stress (σ) / strain (ε).

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17
Q

What is menat by Physical properties of materials ?

A

Physical properties are those that describe how a material behaves under a specific condition.

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18
Q

What is meant by absorbency ?

A

A material’s ability to soak up and retain liquid.

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19
Q

When migh absorbency be an important factor?

A

Absorbency is an important property when related to fabrics – fabrics with high absorbency are comfortable to wear as they absorb perspiration.

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20
Q

When might absorbency be a disadvantage ?

A

Absorbency is a disadvantage when it comes to wood, because they are a porous material, they can soak up water and deform by swelling, and get damaged and fall apart.

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21
Q

What is meant by the term ‘Resistance to moisture’ ?

A

A material’s ability to prevent liquid and moisture permeating its surface.

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22
Q

When can fabrics be ‘moisture resistant’ ?

A

Fabrics that are moisture-resistant or have a water-resistant coating applied to them can then be used to produce waterproof clothing

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23
Q

How can you make wood ‘moisture resistant’ and how are they used ?

A

Thin layers of plastic can be applied to the surface area of a piece of wood to make it suitable for table top surfaces such as kitchen worktops.

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24
Q

What is Density ?

A

Density id a material’s mass per unit volume.

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25
What is fusibility ?
Fusibility is how easily a material's state can be altered to become a liquid.
26
Why is fusibility an important factor in solder ?
This is an important property in solder, where its low melting point allows it to melt with the heat of a soldering iron.
27
What is electrical conductivity ?
Electrical conductivity is how easily electrical energy can pass through a material.
28
What is a Electrical Insulator ?
Electrical Insulator is how much resistance a material has to stop electrical energy passing through it.
29
What is 'Thermal conductivity' ?
Thermal conductivity can be described as how easily heat energy can pass through a material.
30
What is Thermal Insulation ?
Thermal Insulation can be described as how much resistance a material ahs to stop heat energy passing through it.
31
What are metals?
Metlas are made from ORES
32
What are Ores?
Ores are rocks or minerals mined from the ground.
33
What are the 2 main types of metals?
Ferrous and non-ferrous metals
34
What are ferrous metals?
Ferrous metals contain iron
35
What are some properties of ferrous metals:
magnetic prone to corrosion found in the earth’s crust contains iron
36
Give some examples of ferrous metals
Cast iron low-carbon steel High - carbon steel
37
q What are non-ferrous metals?
Non-ferrous metals are metals that do not contain iron.
38
Give some properties of non-ferrous metals
- malleable - resistant to corrosion/rust - NOT magnetic - found in the earth;s crust - does NOT contain iron
39
Give some examples of non--ferrous metals
- Aluminium - Copper - Zinc - Tin
40
What is an Alloy?
An ALLOY is a mixture of two or more metals that are combined to improve the mechanical or physical property of the original metal.
41
What two categories are alloys divided into?
FERROUS and NON-FERROUS alloys.
42
Give an example of a ferrous alloy
Stainless Steel
43
Give an example of a non-ferrous alloy
- Brass Duralumin
44
What Are Polymers?
They are long-chain molecules made by joining many small units called monomers.
45
What are polymers produced from?
They are produced from crude oil
46
What 2 groups are polymers classified into?
THERMOPLASTICS and THERMOSETTINGS
47
THERMOPLASTICS
these soften when heated and harden when cooled. You can reshape them many times, like reheating and reshaping a chocolate bar
48
THERMOSETTINGS
these set permanently when first heated, like baking a cake. Once set, further heating won't melt them but may cause them to burn or crack
49
What are some common thermoplastics?
- Acrylic (PMMA) - High impact polystyrene (HIPS) - High density polythene (HDPE) - Polypropylene (PP) - Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) - Polyethene terephthate (PET)
50
Properties and uses of Acrylic
Properties: Crystal clear like glass, weather-resistant, lightweight Real-world uses: Car headlight covers, shop signs, aircraft windows, aquarium tanks Why it works: Stays clear in sunlight unlike many other plastics
51
Properties and uses of HIPS
Is tough, easily moulded and durable. It is used for yoghurt pots, children's toys and also fridge liners.
52
Properties and uses of HDPE
It is hard, stiff and resistant to chemicals. Used for washing up bowls, buckets and crates.
53
Properties and uses of PP
It is tough, durable, and has good heat and chemical resistance. Used for children's toys, DVD/ CD cases and medical equipement.
54
Properties and uses of PVC
It is hard, tough, good chemical and weather resistance. It has low cost due to high volume production Used for pipes, gutter and window frames.
55
Properties and uses of PET
It is tough, durable, food safe, and can be easily moulded. Used for drink bottles and food packaging.
56
What is vacuum forming?
Vacuum forming is a simple manufacturing process that heats a plastic sheet until it is pliable, then drapes it over a mold
57
What are some advantages of vacuum forming?
- there is flexibility with the design - the time for hte production - low manufacturing costs
58
What are some disadvanatges of vacuum forming?
- Only one part or product can be made at a time. (small scale production) - additional costs or resources may be needed to finish the components
59
WHat are some xamples of thermosetting polymers?
- Epoxy resin - Polyester resin - Melamine - Phenol formaldehyde - Urea formaldehyde (UF)
60
What can make polymers such as PVC soft and pliable?
Plasticisers
61
What is added to polymers to change their colour?
Pigments
62
What is added to polymers such as PVC to help them withstand degradation due to ultraviolet light?
Stabilisers
63
What can be added to polymers to increase their bulk, which improves their resistance to impact?
Fillers
64
What makes polymers more resistant to burning and slows the rate and speed of it being burnt?
Flame Retardants (commonly used as a filler for fire doors and other such safety features.)
65
What are composites?
COMPOSITES are materials made by combining two or more different types of material.
66
Give a an example of a composite
Carbon-fibre glass-reinforced fibre
67
What is reinforcement?
The particles or fibre within a composite matric that serve to increase it's strength.
68
What is TIMBER?
TIMBER is wood from trees.
69
What are the 2 types of Natural timbers?
Softwood and Hardwood
70
Properties of softwood
Softwood comes from coniferous tress/evergreen trees(they maintain their leaves all year round). They are usually quick growing. They have poor resistance to decay.
71
Types of softwood
- Larch - Pine - Spruce
72
Properties of Hardwood
Comes from decidious trees(they loose their leaves in the winter) Slower growing than softwood More expensive Good resistance to decay
73
Types of Hardwood
- Oak - Beech - Mahagony
74
What is manufactured timber?
Manufactured timberis a wood-based material made in a factory by binding together wood fibers, particles, veneers, or waste wood with adhesives.
75
What are the two types of manufactured timber?
LAMINATED BOARDS and COMPRESSES BOARDS
76
What are Laminated boards?
several layers (veneers) of wood glued together
77
What are compressed boards?
particles, chips or flakes of wood are glued together under pressure.
78
Types of maunfactured timber
- Plywood - MDF - Chipboard
79
What are cermaics?
Ceramics are typically an oxide, nitride or carbide of a metal.
80
What are some properties of a ceramic?
Hard Resistant to wear and scratches Resistant to corrosion Low tensile strength Low ductility Brittle Difficult to machine
81
What are some sues of ceramics?
Cups, plates, pots Building materials (concrete, bricks, plaster) Cutting and grinding tools (made from tungsten carbide) Insulation for furnaces (made from alumina and aluminosilicates) Lenses (made from silicates)
82
How are alloys and composite materials similar?
Both alloys and composites are mixtures of at least 2 different components that result in a new material with enhanced properties. Both type of materials are often created to meet specific performance requirements.
83
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