1 - Intro

Question 1

premises in drugs of abuse

Answer 1

• drugs are not good or bad
• every drug is pleiotropic therefore it affects more than 1 characteristic in the body
• drug effects depend on the amount of drug taken, the history, and expectation

Question 2

drug schedules

Answer 2

drugs are sorted into five categories based on their abuse and dependancy potential

Question 3

schedule 1 Drugs

Answer 3

• heroin, methamphetamine, morphine

Question 4

schedule 2 Drugs

Answer 4

• nabilone, parahexyl, indole/pyrrole alkaloids

Question 5

schedule 3 Drugs

Answer 5

• LSD, psilocybin, mescaline

Question 6

schedule 4 Drugs

Answer 6

• barbiturates, benzos, catha edulis

Question 7

schedule 5 Drugs

Answer 7

• propylhexedrine, pyrovalerone

Question 8

schedule 6-10 Drugs

Answer 8

• precursors and solvents

- acetone, ether, lysergic acid, pseudoephedrine

Question 9

sociopolitical anti-drug landscape changes

Answer 9

• war on drugs appear to be easing due legalization (including global legalization of narcotics)
• drug use is increasing across the globe
• poor and rich families are both vulnerable to addiction

Question 10

addiction

Answer 10

• most pervasive form of dependence

Question 11

5 C’s for addiction

Answer 11

Continued Compulsive Consequential out of Control use and Craving

Question 12

how many points in criteria is needed for someone to be diagnosed as addicted?

Answer 12

2

Question 13

pharmalogical concepts in drugs of abuse

Answer 13

1. ADME
2. cellular actions of drugs and neurotransmission
3. acute and chronic effects in the CNS and periphery
4. addiction effects (behaviour of individual and its social impacts)
5. common characteristics of drugs of abuse (psychoactive)

Question 14

ADME

Answer 14

Absorption (ingestion, inhalation, injection, insufflation)
Distribution (bioavailability, storage in the body)
Metabolism (through liver, kidney, spleen)
Excretion (through kidney, intestines, sweat glands, lungs)

Question 15

drug-receptor interactions

Answer 15

without drug-receptor interactions, there’s no effect on the body

Question 16

neurotransmission

Answer 16

1. storage of neurotransmitter
2. action potential
3. results in the influx of calcium ions into terminal
4. results in the exocytic release of neurotransmitter to the synapse
5. neurotransmitters will bind to post-synaptic receptors
6. trigger the post-synaptic cell resulting in depolarization or hyperpolarization
7. reuptake or degradation of the neurotransmitters

Question 17

process of addiction

Answer 17

reinforcement > tolerance > withdrawl > dependence > addiction

Question 18

reinforcement

Answer 18

conditioning a stimulant with a reward

Question 19

tolerance

Answer 19

• needing to take more of the drug/substance to feel the same effect
• taking more drug without feeling the effects

Question 20

withdrawl

Answer 20

• opposite of the drug effect
• due to tolerance adaptations
• use of drug/substance is prolonged to avoid these unpleasant effects

Question 21

dependence

Answer 21

• physical and/or psychological symptoms when drug is absent

- inability to function normally without the drug

Question 22

stimulant drug effects

Answer 22

1. neural activity increases when drug enters the body
2. membrane will decrease/remove receptors allowing return of normal activity
3. there is now less receptors in the membrane, therefore when the drug is absent, there is a decrease in neural activity than before

Question 23

sedative drug effects

Answer 23

1. neural activity decreases when drug enters the body
2. membrane will increase/add receptors allowing return of normal activity
3. there is now more receptors in the membrane, therefore when the drug is absent, there is an increase in neural activity than before (overstimulation)

Question 24

addiction cycle

Answer 24

addiction is a cycle binge-withdrawl-anticipation

Question 25

binge/intoxication

Answer 25

- affects the basal ganglia - integrates motivational and executive circuits - fires dopamine reward network, therefore it feels really good

Question 26

withdrawl/negative effect

Answer 26

- affects the extended amygdala - rewards lose motivational power, therefore a high enough reward is only given when the drug is present in the body - elevated dopamine in reward causes stress, dysphoria, in amygdala "anti-reward" network without the drug - therefore, users will want to continue drug intake to avoid dysphoria

Question 27

anticipation

Answer 27

- affects the prefrontal cortex - controls executive function, self-reg, decision making, error monitoring - drug will impair dopamine and glutamate transmission - cannot resist strong urges - poor decision making

Question 28

drug effects outside the CNS

Answer 28

- cocaine burns out heart tissue | - smoking causes cancer