1. Unicellular vs Multicellular 2. Cell aggregate vs tissue 3. Radical va bilateral symmetry

Miniature embryo in gambete(s) “unfolds” NO

(1) Life & Architecture / Development Flashcards by Andres Lella

Protoplasmic Grade

Unicellular organism, differentiated into organelles capable of performing specialised functions

Example;
(Archae)bacteria/(Eu)bacteria
Most Protista

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cellular/Cell Aggregate Grade

Aggregation of cells that are functionally differentiated
-No tissue

Example:
Multicellular Protista
Phylum Porifera (sponge)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cell-Tissue Grade

a group of cells united to perform a clear function together
-no organs

Example:
Phylum Cnidaria (jellyfish, sea anemone)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Organ-Tissue Grade

More specialised, múltiple tissues
- no organ systems

Example:
Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Organ System

Everything else

Example:
Phylum Nematoda (roundworms), Mollusca, Annelida (earthworms), Arthropoda, Chordata (vertebrates)

*organisms are classified according to their highest level of organisation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Body Fluids- Intracellular

Cytoplasm
- 36% human body weight

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Body Fluids- Extracellular

a). Blood plasma
- within blood vessels/heart
- 4%

b). Interstitial fluid
- surrounding cells
- 20%

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Body Plans

Unicellular vs Multicellular
Cell aggregate vs tissue
Radical va bilateral symmetry

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Acoelomate

-no body cavity vs tube-within-tube design (does have a cavity)

Example:
Phylum Platyhelminthes (tapeworms)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Coelom

Body cavity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Pseudo

False

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Pseudocoelomate

Body cavity not entirely lined with mesoderm

Example:
Phylum Nematoda or roundworms

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Eucoelomate

Entire body cavity lined with mesoderm

Example:
Phylum Annelida (earthworms), Mollusca, Arthropoda, Chordata (vertebrates)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Deuterostomes vs Protostomes

Deuterostomes: anus forms first

Protostomes: mouth forms first

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Metemerism

Having a body segmentation

Example:
Annelida (earthworms), Arthropoda, Chordata (fish)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cephalization

Having a head

Example:
Annelida (earthworms), Arthropoda, Chordata (fish)

*earthworms don’t really have a head

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Gamete Formation

Spermatogenesis/oogenesis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Preformation

Miniature embryo in gambete(s) “unfolds”

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Epigenesis

Fertilised egg contains raw materials only, that assemble

YES

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Purposes of Fertilization

Provide for genetic diversity
Restore diploidy (full # of chromosomes)
Activate egg - revises active metabolisms

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Events of Development

Jelly Layer
Fusion
Fertilisation cone
Polyspermy prevention
Male and female pronuclei
Removal of inhibitors
Egg cytoplasm

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Jelly Layer

Penetrated by sperm

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Fusion with vitelline envelope

If egg recognition and sperm receptor proteins match

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Fertilised cone

Draws sperm head in

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

4. Polyspermy prevention

No mote than one a. Electrical potential change to vitelline membrane - blocks other sperms fusion=“fast block” b. Cortical reaction: lifts vitelline envelope away c. Envelope hardens = fertilisation membrane = “slows block”

5. Male and Female

Pronuclei (1N+1N)

6. Removal of inhibitors

To egg metabolism

7. Egg cytoplasm

Spatially reorganises

Egg cleaves

Blastomeres (It divides to create embryo)

Isolecithal (yolk amount and distribution)

Sparse, evenly distributed yolk Example: Mammals, starfish, insects Iso= same

Mesolecithal (yolk amount and distribution)

Moderate amount of yolk at one end Example: Amphibians Meso= middle

Telolecithal (yolk amount and distribution)

Mostly dense yolk; only a dice of cytoplasm on surface divides Example: birds, reptiles, egg-laying mammals, fish Telo= ends

Holoblastic

While egg cleaved (yolk slows but does not prevent it) Example: Isolecithal and mesolecithal

Meroblastic

Only cytoplasm cleaved (yolk too dense to cleave) Example: Telolecithial

What is life?

DNA Cellular Complex Grow and develop Metabolism Reproduce Respond to stimuli Homeostasis

What is an animal?

Multicellular heterotroph Is motile during some point of its life

Entomology

Study of bugs

Icthyology

Study of fish

Herpetology

Study of reptiles and amphibians

Ornithology

Study of birds

Mammalogy

Study of mammals

Microbiology

Study of Protozoa, virus, etc

Histology

Study of tissues

Ecology

Study of interactions

Telolecithal (significance of yolk amount)

Embryo development slow/more complete relying on extensive yolk Example: egg laying vertebrates (birds, reptiles, egg mammals, fish)

Isolecithal & Mesolecithal (significance of yolk amount)

placenta nourishes embryo, or egg develops quickly into self-feeding larva Example: mammals, amphibians, insects

Indirect Development

egg-larva-pupa-adult Metamorphosis *most iso and meso eggs

Direct Development

egg-embryo-adult *placental mammals and telo eggs

Blastula

hollow balls of cells

Blastocoel

blastula's cavity

Gastrulation

make the stomach

Invagination (Gastrulation)

blastula intended -> gastrula

Archenteron (Gastrulation)

Primitive gut

Blastopore (Gastrulation)

gut's opening

Protostome (Blastopore)

blastopore forms mouth first Example: arthropoda, molluscs, worms, etc

Deuterostomes (Blastopore)

Blastopore forms anus first Example: chordates, echinodermata

End result - three germ layers (Gastrulation)

1. Ectoderm 2. Mesoderm 3. Endoderm

Ectoderm (three germ layers)

forms external epithelium, nervous system

Mesoderm (three germ layers)

forms muscle tissue, bone, cartilage, repro system, circulatory system, body cavity lining (peritoneum)

Endoderm (three germ layers)

forms lining of digestive system

Induction (embryonic)

cells in particular regions of developing embryo determine the developmental response of neighboring cells

Primary organizer (embryonic)

region of dorsal lip of gastrula's blastopore responsible for PRIMARY INDUCTION event leading to complete embryo

Secondary Induction (embryonic)

one tissue induced to differentiate induces another tissue, and so on

Homeotic Genes (gene expression)

specify the identity of specific body segments Example: thorax with legs

Homeotic Mutation (gene expression)

cause development of wrong structures in a given region

Amniotes

grouping of reptiles, birds, and mammals (terrestial)

Amnion (Extraembryonc membranes)

fluid filled; prevents dying, a shock absorber

Yok Sac (Extraembryonc membranes)

provides nourishment

Allantois (Extraembryonc membranes)

stores wastes, with chorion exchanges gases

Chorion (Extraembryonc membranes)

with allantois exchanges gases

(1) Life & Architecture / Development Flashcards

(70 cards)