1 - Windows Versions

Question 1

What was the first Microsoft OS version created?

Answer 1

MS- DOS

MS-DOS was created in 1981, and originally developed by Microsoft for IBM.

Question 2

What were three significant advancements of Windows 95 over Windows 3.1?

Answer 2

1. Windows 95 sported a new user interface.
2. Windows 95 supported 32-bit applications.
3. Applications specifically written for the Win 95 OS could run much faster.

Question 3

What new technologies did Windows 98 support?

Hint - list of 7

Answer 3

Win 98 supported a number of new technologies, including:

1. FAT32
2. AGP
3. MMX
4. USB
5. DVD
6. ACPI
7. Active Desktop

Question 4

What did the Win 98 “Active Desktop” feature do?

Answer 4

Active Desktop integrated the web browser (Internet Explorer) within the OS.

Thus, for the User, there was no difference between accessing a document on the local HD or accessing a Web server anywhere in the world.

Question 5

What option did the Win ME OS remove?

Answer 5

The Win ME OS removed the “Boot in DOS” option.

Question 6

Name the 4 versions of Windows 2000 (W2K)

Microsoft released

Answer 6

Microsoft released four versions of Windows 2000:

1. Win 2000 Professional - for business desktop and laptop systems
2. Win 2000 Server - both a Web server and an office server
3. Win 2000 Advanced Server - for line-of-business applications
4. Win 2000 Datacenter Server - for high-traffic computer networks

Question 7

When was Windows XP released?

Answer 7

XP was released in 2001.

Question 8

What were three new features of Windows XP?

Answer 8

1. Redesigned look and feel to the User interface
2. XP was built on W2K kernel, giving the user a more stable and reliable environment
3. Windows XP implemented 802.11x wireless security

Trivia - XP would be the best selling OS until 7

Question 9

What were 6 improvements Windows Vista offered (when compared to XP)?

Answer 9

1. Advancements in reliability
2. Additional security (features to protect against latest generation of threats)
3. Ease of deployment, performance and manageability
4. Capabilities to detect hardware problems before they occurred
5. Faster start-up time
6. Lower power consumption when placed in the sleep state

Question 10

What were 8 enhancements Windows 7 offered?

Answer 10

Win 7 was released on 10/22/2009. Enhancements in this OS included:

1. Multi-touch support
2. Internet Explorer 8
3. Improved performance
4. Faster start up time
5. Aero snap / Aero shake
6. Support for virtual hard disks
7. New and improved Windows Media Center
8. Improved security

Question 11

Describe 4 features of Windows 8

Answer 11

Win 8 was released on 8/1/2012. Features of Windows 8 included:

1. Replaced traditional Microsoft Windows OS look with a new “metro” design system that first debuted on the Windows Phone 7
2. Made to mimic the look and feel of a tablet / mobile device
3. Metro user interface consisted of a “Start screen” made up of “live tiles”
4. Windows 8 supported both x86 and ARM processors

Question 12

Describe 4 features of Windows 10

Answer 12

Win 10 was released on 7/29/2015. Features of Windows 10 included:

1. Fast start up and resume
2. Built in security
3. Return of the Start Menu in an expanded form
4. First version to feature / include Microsoft Edge, MSFT’s new browser

Note: any qualified device (tablets, PCs, phones and Xboxes) were able to upgrade to Win 10.

Question 13

What is the definition of a Server?

Answer 13

A server is a computer or system that provides resources, data, services, or programs to other computers (known as clients) over a network.

Whenever computers share resources with client machines they are also considered servers.

Question 14

Name four types (examples / categories) of Servers

Answer 14

1. File Servers
2. Print Servers
3. Application Servers
4. DNS Servers
5. Web Servers
6. Mail Servers
7. Virtual Servers

Question 15

A device can be both a server and a client at the same time.

[TRUE OR FALSE]

Answer 15

TRUE

Question 16

Describe the “Client-Server” networking model

Answer 16

1. A client will first require data or functionality from a server. The client will send a request over the network.
2. The server receives this request.
3. The server will respond with the appropriate information.

Question 17

What is another name for the Client-Server networking model?

Answer 17

The Call and Response model

Question 18

Define “File Servers”

Answer 18

File servers store and distribute files. Multiple clients or users may share files stored on a server.

Question 19

Define “Print Servers”

Answer 19

Print servers allow for the management and distribution of printing functionality. Rather than attaching a printer to every workstation, a single print server can respond to printing requests from numerous clients.

Question 20

Define “Application Servers”

Answer 20

Application servers run applications in lieu of client computers running applications locally.

Question 21

Define “DNS Servers”

Answer 21

Domain Name System (DNS) servers are application servers that provide name resolution to client computers by converting names easily understood by humans into machine-readable IP addresses.

Question 22

Define “Mail Servers”

Answer 22

Mail servers are a very common type of application server. Mail servers receive emails sent to a user and store them until requested by a client on behalf of said user.

Question 23

Define “Web Servers”

Answer 23

One of the most abundant types of servers in today’s market is a web server.

A web server is a special kind of application server that hosts programs and data requested by users across the Internet or an intranet.

Question 24

Define “Database Servers”

Answer 24

The amount of data used by companies, users, and other services is very high. Much of that data is stored in databases.

Question 25

Define “Virtual Servers”

Answer 25

* Virtual servers are the “new thing”, and are taking the server world by storm. * Unlike traditional servers that are installed as an operating system on machine hardware, **virtual servers exist only as defined within specialized software called hypervisor**. * **Each hypervisor can run hundreds, or even thousands, of virtual servers** all at once.

Question 26

What is a workstation (WS)? [Definition]

Answer 26

A workstation (WS) is a computer dedicated to a user or group of users engaged in business or professional work.

Question 27

Name four components of a workstation

Answer 27

1. One or more high resolution displays 2. Faster processor than a personal computer (PC) 3. Greater multitasking capability due to additional RAM 4. Additional drives and drive capacity

Question 28

Name two other items that the term “workstation” can also be used to reference

Answer 28

1. A PC 2. A mainframe terminal on a local area network (LAN) Note: These workstations may share network resources with one or more large client computers and network servers. A workstation is a computer which requests access to the LAN and switch services to perform dedicated tasks.

Question 29

Describe the 5 steps to setting up a **Work Group** in Windows 10

Answer 29

1. Navigate to the Control Panel \> All Control Panel Items \> System. You will get to view basic information about your computer. 2. Click on Change Settings under Computer name, domain, and work group settings to arrive at the System properties pop-up. 3. Click on “Change” to rename this computer. 4. Under the Computer Name/Domain Changes pop-up, you’ll have the option to join the work group of your choice. 5. Ensure that all the devices you want in a particular work group are joined to that work group.

Question 30

A Work group may also be known as what?

Answer 30

A work group is also known as a peer-to-peer network.

Question 31

Describe 2 characteristics of a Work Group (functionalities)

Answer 31

1. Allows all participating and connected systems to access shared resources such as files, system resources and printers. 2. Every PC in a work group is a server and a client at the same time. A PC will act as a client when it seeks to access a resource in another PC.

Question 32

A Work Group is the same thing as a Network [TRUE / FALSE]

Answer 32

FALSE Note - While a work group is a group of computers that are connected to a network, it’s not the same as a network.

Question 33

Work groups can easily be used in a large setting. [TRUE/FALSE]

Answer 33

FALSE. While work groups can be handy in a small setting, in a large setting they are very limited.

Question 34

Describe 3 advantages of Domains over Work Groups.

Answer 34

1. The Domain set up ensures better security as it offers varying degrees of permissions for different users or groups of users. 2. Domains also allow company-wide policies to be deployed for easier administration. 3. User accounts and passwords are managed on the domain controller, so you can log in with the same username and password on any computer joined to the domain.

Question 35

Name the four types of User Accounts

Answer 35

1. Administrator 2. Standard 3. Guest 4. Child

Question 36

# Define Administrator account (User account)

Answer 36

* Administrator accounts are special accounts that are used for making changes to system settings or managing other people’s accounts. * They have full access to every setting on the computer. * Every computer will have at least one Administrator account.

Question 37

# Define Standard account (User account)

Answer 37

* Standard accounts are the basic accounts you use for normal everyday tasks. * As a Standard user, you can do just about anything you would need to do, such as running software or personalizing your desktop.

Question 38

# Define Guest account (User account)

Answer 38

* Guests can play with the computer, but the computer doesn’t recognize them by name. * Guest accounts function much like Standard accounts but with no privacy: Anybody can sign in with the Guest account, and the desktop will look the way the last guest left it.

Question 39

# Define Child account (User account)

Answer 39

The Child account setting is actually just a Standard account with the Family Safety settings automatically turned on.

Question 40

# Define Service account

Answer 40

Service accounts are a special type of **_non-human privileged account_** used to execute applications and run automated services, virtual machine instances, and other processes.

Question 41

Service accounts can be privileged local or domain account. [TRUE/FALSE]

Answer 41

TRUE. Service accounts can be privileged local or domain accounts, and in some cases, they may have domain administrative privileges.

Question 42

Name two functions of Service Accounts.

Answer 42

1. Service accounts are needed for persistent applications so that they can perform actions on behalf of the users of the application. 2. In other words, Service accounts are proxies for performing limited actions for users that have no access to sensitive data and systems.

Question 43

Name the four most common types of Windows Service accounts

Answer 43

1. LocalSystem 2. NetworkService 3. Local user account 4. Domain user account NOTE: In short, a service account is a user account that is created to run a particular service or software

Question 44

What is SID an acronym for?

Answer 44

SID is short for security identifier.

Question 45

What is an SID used for?

Answer 45

An SID (Security Identifier) is a number used to identify user, group, and computer accounts in Windows.

Question 46

When is an SID created?

Answer 46

An SID is created for an account when it is first made in Windows. Note: No two SIDs on a computer are ever the same.

Question 47

What do all SIDs start with? Hint - format is X-X-X-XX

Answer 47

All SIDs start with S-1-5-21 but will otherwise be unique.

Question 48

What value do Administrator Accounts in Windows always end in? (SID)

Answer 48

Administrator accounts in Windows always ends in **_500_**.

Question 49

What value do Guest Accounts in Windows always end in? (SID)

Answer 49

Guest accounts in Windows always ends in **_501_**.

Question 50

Using the CLI, what command can be used to get SID information?

Answer 50

Open a command line box and type in: wmic useraccount get name and SID

Question 51

Name the three key elements included in most access tokens

Answer 51

1. Header 2. Payload 3. Signature

Question 52

What information does the Header contain? (Access tokens)

Answer 52

The Header contains data about the token’s type and the algorithm used to make it.

Question 53

What information does the Payload contain? (Access tokens)

Answer 53

The Payload contains information about the user, including permissions and expiration.

Question 54

What information does the Signature contain? (Access tokens)

Answer 54

The Signature contains verification data so the recipient can ensure the authenticity of the token. This signature is typically hashed, so it’s difficult to hack and replicate.

Question 55

You can use Access Tokens for single sign-on (SSO). [TRUE/FALSE]

Answer 55

TRUE

Question 56

Describe the 4 step process for using an access token for single-sign on.

Answer 56

1. **_Authorization_**: You agree to use your credentials from one site to enter another. 2. **_Connection:_** The first site connects the second and asks for help. The second site creates an access token. 3. **_Storage:_** The access token is stored in your browser. 4. **_Entry:_** The access token from the second site gives you entry into the first. Note: think of this like a hotel key card. You check in at the front desk and receive a key card to unlock your room door. The hotel gets your credit card information, your name address, and verifies your identity. Then from there you receive the key card. The card doesn’t need to know any of that information. It only needs to know if it should grant you access to the room.