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101 Flashcards

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Q1. What is naturalism?

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The view that reality is only nature—matter/energy governed by laws. No supernatural causes. In practice: “if it matters, science can, in principle, measure it.”

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Q2. What is methodological naturalism?

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The lab rule: even if the supernatural exists, explanations must use natural causes. Like playing chess: you follow chess rules regardless of what you believe about the universe.

A cousin of falsfication, something proposed must be able to be measured etc.

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Q3. What is supernaturalism?

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The view that reality isn’t sealed—there are agents/causes beyond nature. Some events depend on Mind or God, not just molecules.

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Q4. What is metaphysics?

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The study of what’s ultimately real (being, cause, time, mind). Think: the operating system behind all the apps.

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Q5. What is ontology?

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The branch of metaphysics asking “what kinds of things exist?” (numbers? souls? values?). It’s your inventory of reality.

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Q6. What is epistemology?

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How we know what we know. Street version: how do you separate signal from noise?

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Q7. What is phenomenology?

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Studying experience from the inside—what it’s like to be you, before theorizing. Like tasting the coffee before reading the chemistry.

so before one explains phenomonology is the study of an even more fundamental level of how we experience life. what emotions feel like, what our senses actually process

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Q8. What is teleology?

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Explanation by ends/purposes (eyes are “for” seeing). In life: do your systems have a purpose or are you drifting?

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Q9. What is ethics vs metaethics?

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Ethics = what to do. Metaethics = what “good” even means (objective? invented?).

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Q10. What is the is–ought gap?

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Facts don’t directly tell you goals. “Is” (data) doesn’t yield “ought” (duty) without a bridging value.

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Q11. What is modal logic?

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Logic of possibility/necessity. It’s how you reason about what could or must be true (e.g., “Necessarily, 2+2=4”).

Plain-English breakdown

Normal logic: true or false.

Modal logic: adds two extra lights on the dashboard —

🟡 Possible = could happen under some conditions.

🔵 Necessary = must happen in all conditions.

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Q12. What’s a possible world?

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A way reality might have been. Not sci‑fi; a tool to test claims about necessity/contingency.

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Q13. What is contingent vs necessary?

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Contingent: could have been otherwise (your shoe size). Necessary: cannot be otherwise (math truths; some claim God is necessary).

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Q14. What is epiphenomenalism?

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The view that mental content (meaning, qualia) is a by‑product with no causal power—like a steam whistle the engine produces that doesn’t move the train.

A more complicated way of explaing how the mind / conciousness would interact with free will.

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Q15. What is a performative contradiction?

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When your act undercuts your claim (e.g., arguing “reasons don’t cause beliefs” while using reasons to change mine).

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Q16. What is the principle of sufficient reason?

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Everything that exists or happens has an explanation. Useful test: if you stop at “just because,” you’ve ended the search early.

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Q17. What is the law of non‑contradiction?

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A statement and its negation can’t both be true in the same sense at the same time. It’s the guardrail for sane discourse.

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Q18. What is steelmanning?

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Presenting your opponent’s best version before critiquing it. It’s intellectual honesty at the gym.

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Q19. What is hermeneutics?

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The art/science of interpretation—how meaning is drawn from texts, rituals, events.

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Q20. Exegesis vs eisegesis?

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Exegesis draws meaning out of the text; eisegesis reads your bias into it. In business terms: customer data vs confirmation bias.

eisegesis, cherry picking bias

Reasoning from first principals exegesis

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Q21. What is literal vs literalistic?

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Literal = what the author meant; literalistic = flat reading that ignores genre/symbol. Don’t read poetry like a lab manual.

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Q22. What is typology?

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Earlier people/events “pre‑figure” later ones (e.g., Exodus as a pattern of liberation). Patterns make history legible.

History doesn’t repeat, human nature does.

Study of fractals of history patterns.

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Q23. What is allegory?

A

A story with a secondary symbolic meaning (e.g., Pilgrim’s Progress). Use carefully; not every story hides a secret code.

Like Narnia where each character represents something

Moral of the story is just one highlight

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Q24. What is sensus plenior?
A “fuller sense” in Scripture that emerges across time—authorial meaning + divine orchestration across the canon.
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Q25. What is the hermeneutic circle?
Parts inform the whole; the whole informs the parts. You iterate until the picture clicks—like assembling a puzzle. “Understanding is like zooming in and out of a map. You can’t make sense of the street unless you know the city, and you can’t know the city until you’ve walked its streets.”
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Q26. What are Ancient Near Eastern (ANE) backgrounds?
Cultures around Israel (Egypt, Mesopotamia, Ugarit) whose myths/laws frame the Bible’s world.
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Q27. Enuma Elish vs Genesis 1?
Enuma: world from divine conflict; humans as slave labor. Genesis: creation by speech/order; humans as image‑bearers—dignity upgrade.
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Q28. What’s the image of God (imago Dei)?
Humans represent God’s rule/creativity. Modern hit: grounds universal dignity and human rights.
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Q29. What are suzerainty treaties?
ANE covenants between a great king and vassals; biblical covenants often mirror their structure (preamble, stipulations, blessings/curses).
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Q30. What is the Documentary Hypothesis (JEDP)?
A theory that the Pentateuch draws from multiple sources/editors over time. Even if disputed, it forces careful reading.
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Q31. What are the Dead Sea Scrolls?
Ancient manuscripts preserving biblical texts ~2nd c. BCE–1st c. CE. They show textual stability and variant readings.
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Q32. What is the Septuagint (LXX)?
Ancient Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible, heavily used in early Christianity; sometimes quotes differ from the Hebrew.
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Q33. In Peterson’s lens, what are order and chaos?
Order = known/structured; chaos = unknown/potential. Wisdom is skillfully navigating their border.
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Q34. What is Logos?
Word/reason/order‑creating speech. Practically: truth‑telling that shapes reality (companies, families, nations).
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Q35. What is sin in narrative terms?
Missing the mark; mis‑aimed desire that fractures self, others, and world. Think: corrupted goal‑setting.
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Q36. What is sacrifice (applied)?
Trading a lesser present good for a greater future good. Ancient altars → your calendar and budget.
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Q37. What is covenant?
Bond in blood, sovereignly administered (a formal loyalty pact). Marriage and citizenship are echoes.
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Q38. What is atonement (street‑level)?
Making wrongs right: cleansing debt, restoring relationship. In life: you eat the cost to repair trust.
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Q39. What is wisdom literature?
Proverbs, Job, Ecclesiastes—applied reality testing (prudence under sunny skies, storms, and fog).
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Q40. What is apocalyptic literature?
Symbolic unveiling of history’s stakes (Daniel, Revelation). Not calendar codes—moral X‑rays under empire.
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Q41. What is redemption?
Liberation by paying a price or exerting power to free. Modern: rehab from addiction, debt forgiveness, social reform.
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Q42. What is resurrection in Jewish context?
Bodily renewal at the end of the age. Christianity claims a down payment in history (Easter), not mere afterlife.
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Q43. Who were Pharisees, Sadducees, Essenes, Zealots?
Jewish groups: Torah teachers; temple elite; separatist purists; anti‑Rome activists. Context for Jesus’ clashes.
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Q44. What does “Kingdom of God” mean?
God’s rule breaking in—justice, mercy, healing. Not escapism: new management of the world.
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Q45. What does “Messiah/Christ” mean?
Anointed king. Early Christians say Jesus fulfills king/priest/prophet roles in a surprising way (through the cross).
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Q46. What does “Son of Man” (Daniel 7) refer to?
A human‑like figure enthroned with God; Jesus’ favorite self‑title, signaling authority and suffering.
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Q47. Who is the “Suffering Servant” (Isaiah 53)?
A figure who bears others’ sins and brings healing. Christians read it as Jesus’ mission.
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Q48. What is Christus Victor?
Atonement model: Christ defeats enslaving powers (sin, death, the “accuser”). Applied: breaking destructive systems.
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Q49. What is penal substitution?
Atonement model: Christ bears deserved penalty so mercy and justice meet. Applied: debts are real; someone pays.
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Q50. What is theosis?
Participation in God’s life—becoming “godlike” in character. Modern: transformation > mere rule‑keeping.
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Q51. What is the Trinity in one line?
One being of God, three persons (Father, Son, Spirit). A logic of love: unity that isn’t loneliness.
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Q52. What is incarnation?
The Son takes true human nature. God with skin in the game.
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Q53. What is kenosis?
Self‑emptying—freely laying aside privilege to serve. Leadership model: power that stoops.
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Q54. What is grace?
Undeserved gift that changes you. Not just pardon—power to become new.
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Q55. Faith vs works—what’s the difference?
Faith = trusting allegiance; works = embodied loyalty. They’re two legs of the same walk.
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Q56. Justification vs sanctification?
Justification = new status; sanctification = new character. Legal adoption and family resemblance.
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Q57. What is theodicy?
Making sense of evil/pain with a good God: free will, soul‑making, or evil as privation (absence of good).
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Q58. Why divine hiddenness (why not obvious proof)?
If God were overwhelmingly obvious, love could become coerced compliance. Space enables real seeking and freedom.
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Q59. What are archetypes?
Recurring deep patterns (hero, shadow, wise old man) in stories and psyches—the mind’s grammar of meaning.
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Q60. What is the shadow?
The denied parts of yourself. Integrate it or it runs your life from the basement.
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Q61. Persona vs authenticity?
Persona = social mask; helpful until it hardens. Growth = align mask with truth.
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Q62. What are anima and animus?
Inner contra‑sexual images shaping attractions and projections. Spot blind spots in love and work.
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Q63. What is individuation?
Becoming a whole, integrated person—like debugging your inner operating system.
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Q64. Responsibility vs happiness (Peterson)?
Aim at responsibility (meaning); happiness follows as a by‑product, not a target.
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Q65. Truth‑telling as Logos—why care?
Speech aligned with reality creates order: in meetings, families, lawsuits. Lies rot the structure.
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Q66. What is mimetic desire?
We want what models want. Desire is contagious—choose your models carefully.
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Q67. What is the scapegoat mechanism?
Communities dump conflict onto a victim to regain peace. The cross exposes and breaks this cycle.
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Q68. What’s a practical Girardian check?
When a group needs a villain to stay together, ask: “What truth are we refusing to face?”
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Q69. What is the cognitive science of religion?
Study of why religious cognition is natural (agency detection, ritual bonding). Faith fits brain ecology.
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Q70. What is costly signaling in religion?
Hard rituals show commitment, build trust, deter free‑riders—like startup equity cliffs.
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Q71. Placebo/nocebo as meaning‑effects?
Beliefs alter physiology. Even if reduced to neural states, content maps the outcomes.
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Q72. What is the modern “meaning crisis”?
Institutions of shared purpose thin out; people face nihilism/anxiety. Answer: rebuild responsibility, community, truthful speech.
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Q73. What is narrative identity?
You live by a story; change the story, change the life. The Bible offers creation‑fall‑redemption‑renewal.
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Q74. What is the cosmological (contingency) argument?
Contingent things need a reason; you can’t have only dominoes—there must be a ground that isn’t contingent.
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Q75. What is the fine‑tuning argument?
Life‑friendly constants are narrow; options: necessity, chance/multiverse, or mind‑like cause.
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Q76. What is the moral argument?
Objective moral facts fit better if reality’s core is moral (Mind) than if values are accidents.
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Q77. What is Pascal’s wager (modern take)?
When evidence is mixed, weigh stakes: living as‑if may dominate on expected value—if the path also makes you better now.
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Q78. What’s odd about the resurrection claim?
A shameful, falsifiable center in a hostile environment—unlikely propaganda; invites historical scrutiny.
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Q79. Creation as order‑from‑chaos—so what?
God speaks boundaries into the wild deep. Your life improves wherever you set truthful boundaries.
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Q80. The Fall as disordered desire?
Grabbing godlike status apart from God. Today: shortcuts that cost the future.
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Q81. Flood/Noah pattern today?
Chaos resets when corruption saturates. Modern: systems purge when fraud compounds.
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Q82. Abrahamic faith—what’s the move?
Trust + costly steps into uncertainty. Entrepreneurship, but with a moral north.
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Q83. Exodus as liberation—applied?
Leave slavery; pass through waters; receive a new law; learn dependence. Recovery from addiction mirrors this arc.
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Q84. Wilderness as training?
Limits build resilience. Don’t despise constraint seasons—they shape competence.
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Q85. Law as wisdom, not mere rules?
Teachings that produce justice/shalom. Good policy is moral wisdom at scale.
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Q86. Sacrificial system as pedagogy?
Tangible cost for moral repair. Your calendar/budget should show what you value.
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Q87. Day of Atonement & scapegoat—why care?
Sin confessed; guilt carried away. Practically: closure matters—rituals help communities reset.
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Q88. Kings/Prophets/Priests—what are the roles?
Govern justice; call out corruption; guard worship. Every organization needs all three.
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Q89. Wisdom (Proverbs/Job/Ecclesiastes) in three lines?
Normal case (do this → life works), anomaly (good sufferer), ambiguity (life is vapor—fear God anyway).
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Q90. Sermon on the Mount in one line?
Inner transformation over external compliance—become the kind of person who naturally does the good.
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Q91. Why parables (why stories)?
They bypass defenses and invite ownership. Great leaders teach with scenarios, not slogans.
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Q92. What does table fellowship signal?
Jesus eats with outsiders—covenant signals inclusion. Your guest list is your theology.
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Q93. Cross as power inversion—how?
Empire uses fear; Jesus unhooks fear by enduring it. Courage breaks coercion loops.
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Q94. Resurrection as firstfruits—so what now?
Future renewal starts now; your work isn’t wasted. Invest in what survives fire: truth, love, justice.
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Q95. Spirit as mobile temple?
God’s presence goes with people, not just buildings. Character becomes the sacred space.
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Q96. Church as body—what’s the picture?
Interdependent members with varied gifts. Don’t be a lone organ.
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Q97. What’s a sacrifice you can make this week?
Trade 30 minutes of doom‑scrolling for 30 minutes of skill‑building. Altars now are calendars.
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Q98. What does truth as Logos demand at work?
No inflated metrics, no deceptive CTAs. Long‑run trust beats short‑run clicks.
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Q99. What’s a “chaos‑edge” habit?
Weekly step into the unknown with preparation (new client pitch, tough conversation). Growth lives at the border.
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Q100. How to do shadow work simply?
Ask three trusted people: “What am I not seeing that’s hurting me/others?” Write it, own it, plan one change.
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Q101. A Girardian check for your team?
If unity requires an enemy, you’re papering over a process problem.
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Q102. A phenomenology mini‑practice?
Sit 5 minutes and notice experience before labels. This de‑reactivity makes wiser choices.
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Q103. A teleology audit for goals?
For each goal ask: “What is this for? Who does it make me?” Drop goals that shape the wrong self.
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Q104. A covenant habit for relationships?
Make one specific, repeated promise (Friday night dinner, no phones) and keep it. Love is kept promises.
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Q105. A wisdom‑literature posture for uncertainty?
Proverbs: act prudently. Job: trust through pain. Ecclesiastes: enjoy gifts humbly. Rotate all three.
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Q106. Augustine’s big ideas (two)?
Disordered loves (sin) and grace that heals the will. Aim love rightly.
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Q107. Aquinas—how do faith and reason relate?
Nature and grace cohere; faith perfects reason, doesn’t kill it. Bring your brain to church.
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Q108. Luther’s spark in a line?
Trust in Christ’s promise over self‑curation. Rest from performance anxiety.
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Q109. Calvin’s emphasis?
God’s sovereignty builds resilient courage. Act boldly; results aren’t your god.
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Q110. Kierkegaard’s note?
Truth as lived commitment, not just data. Leap ≠ blind; it’s directed courage.
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Q111. Heidegger’s “Being‑toward‑death” payoff?
Finitude clarifies priorities. Use mortality to focus your day.
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Q112. C.S. Lewis’ moral realism?
There’s a Tao—real moral grain to the universe. Swim with it.
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Q113. Mircea Eliade’s sacred/profane split?
Humans mark time/space as holy to orient life. Make altars out of habits.
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Q114. René Girard in one breath?
We imitate desires; rivalry breeds violence; the gospel unmasks scapegoating. Choose models carefully.
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Q115. Order/Chaos (anchor idea)
Live at the edge with courage and preparation.
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Q116. Logos (anchor idea)
Tell the truth; it builds worlds you actually want to live in.
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Q117. Sacrifice (anchor idea)
What future are you funding with today’s pain?
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Q118. Covenant (anchor idea)
Choose loyalty over convenience.
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Q119. Shadow (anchor idea)
Own your capacity for harm or it will own you.
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Q120. Mimetic desire (anchor idea)
Audit your models monthly.
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Q121. Wisdom (anchor idea)
Reality is not optional—align or break.
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Q122. Grace (anchor idea)
You are loved into change, not shamed into it.
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Q123. Resurrection hope (anchor idea)
Plant trees whose shade you won’t sit in.
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Q124. Meaning (anchor idea)
Aim at responsibility; happiness is the exhaust, not the engine.
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