10.2 + 10.3

Question 1

Explain corrasion/abrasion

Answer 1

• Sand and pebbles carried within waves are thrown against the cliff face with considerable force
• These particles break off more rocks from the cliff which in turn are thrown against the cliff by the breaking wave

Question 2

Explain hydraulic action

Answer 2

• The pressure of water being thrown at the cliffs by the waves
• Also includes the compression of air in cracks
• Water gets into the cracks in cliffs and compresses the air forcing pieces of rock to break off

Question 3

Explain attrition

Answer 3

• The wearing away of rocks in the sea
• Boulders continually roll around and chip away at each other until smooth pebbles or sand is formed

Question 4

Explain corrosion

Answer 4

• A chemical reaction between certain rock types, the salt and other acids in seawater
• With limestone cliffs, the water turns milky blue to show dissolved limestone.

Question 5

What is weathering

Answer 5

the natural processes that break down rocks and minerals at the Earth’s surface, without moving them from their original location

Question 6

What are the two types of weathering

Answer 6

• chemical weathering: caused by a chemical reaction when rainwater hits rock and decomposes it or eats it away
• mechanical (physical) weathering: results in rocks being disintegrated rather than decomposed

Question 8

What are

Question 9

What is mass movement

Answer 9

The downslope of rock, soil or mud due to gravity

Question 10

What is rockfall (type of mass movement0

Answer 10

Bits of rock fall off the cliff, usually due to freeze-thaw weathering

Question 11

What is mudflow (type of mass movement)

Answer 11

Saturated soil (soil filled with water) flows down a slope.

Question 12

What is a landslide (type of mass movement

Answer 12

Large blocks of rock slide downhill.

Question 13

What is rotational slip (also known as cliff slumping)

Answer 13

Saturated soil slumps down a curved surface.

Question 14

What are the four types of coastal transportation

Answer 14

• solution
• suspension
• saltation
• traction

Question 15

What is solution

Answer 15

when minerals in rocks like chalk and limestone are dissolved in sea water and then carried in solution. The load is not visible.

Question 16

What is suspension

Answer 16

small particles such as silts and clays are suspended in the flow of the water

Question 17

What is saltation

Answer 17

where small pieces of shingle or large sand grains are bounced along the sea bed

Question 18

What is traction

Answer 18

where pebbles and larger material are rolled along the sea bed

Question 19

What is the movement of materials along the coastline called

Answer 19

Longshore drift

Question 20

How does longshore drift work

Answer 20

• Waves approach the coast at an angle because of the direction of prevailing wind.
• The swash will carry the material towards the beach at an angle
• The backwash then flows back to the sea, down the slope of the beach.
• The process repeats itself along the coast in the zigzag movement.

Question 21

What are factors that lead to deposition

Answer 21

• waves starting to slow down and lose energy
• shallow water
• sheltered areas, eg bays
• little or no wind

Question 22

Explain the effects of weathering and mass movement on a cliffed coastline (6 marks0

Answer 22

Location: Holderness, East Yorkshire, south of Mappleton, Cliff House Farm
Cliff slumping is a form of mass movement –
when material moves down a slope due to the
pull of gravity
1. The base of the cliffs are eroded by the
waves
2. Cliffs are weakened by weathering and
rain soaks into the soft boulder clay
3. The soft boulder clay gets heavier over
time until it slides and finally slumps
North Sea waves have a long fetch (850km) and
therefore the waves are very powerful and
easily erode the cliffs