1
Q
What are the 5 kingdoms?
A
- Prokaryote (bacteria)
- Protoctista (unicellular eukaryotes)
- Fungi
- Plantae
- Animalia
2
Q
What are the general features of prokaryote?
A
- unicellular
- No nucleus or mitochondria
- Vary in size over a wide range
- They have cell walls not made of cellulose
- No membrane bound organelles
- No visible feeding mechanism- nutrients are absorbed through the cell wall or internally through photosynthesis (blue-green bacteria aka archaebacteria)
- Many bacteria are heterotrophic meaning they feed off decomposing living or dead organic materials
- Divide by binary fission
3
Q
What do all eukarya have in common?
A
They all have a membrane bound nucleus and have compartmentalisation (organelles are separated via the cell membrane)
4
Q
What are the general features of protoctists?
A
- mainly unicellular
- Nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
- No cell walls
- Some have chloroplasts and cellulose cell walls (like algae)
- Some are sessile while others move by cilia or flagella
- Nutrients are acquired via photosynthesis (autotrophic feeders)
- Nutrients can also be acquired through the ingestion of other organisms (heterotrophic feeders)
- Or they could be both- parasitic
5
Q
What are the features of fungi?
A
- Unicellular or multicellular
- Nucleus and other membrane bound organelles and a cell wall mainly composed of chitin
- No chloroplasts or chlorophyll
- No mechanisms for locomotion
- Most store food as glycogen
- Nutrients are acquired through absorption of decaying material (saprophytic feeders) or being parasites.
- Reproducing using spores that disperse onto the ground nearby
- fungi are multinucleate- the cells fuse together and they grow to form hyphae, many form mycelium which release enzymes which digest food (saprophytic feeders)
- Consist of long threads called hyphae that grow from the main fungus body and form a network of filaments called the mycelium
- Larger fungi have fruiting bodies which produce a large number of spores
6
Q
What are the features of plants?
A
- multicellular eukaryotic organisms
- Nucleus and other membrane bound organelles including chloroplasts and a cell wall composed of cellulose
- All contain chlorophyll
- Autotrophic
- Store food as starch
- Can have flagella sometimes
7
Q
What are the features of animals?
A
- Multicellular
- A nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
- No chloroplasts/cell walls
- Move with the aid of cilia, flagella or contractile proteins sometimes in the form of muscular organs
- Nutrients acquired by ingestion- heterotrophic feeds
- Food stored as glycogen
8
Q
What is the difference between archaebacteria and eubacteria?
A
- Archaebacteria can live in extreme environments such as highly acidic environments
- Eubacteria are found in all environments
- Archaebacteria and Eubacteria have a different chemical makeup- for example eubacteria have a peptidoglycan in their cell walls while the other doesn’t
9
Q
What are the properties of archaea?
A
- No nucleus
- Unique lipids in their membranes
- No peptidoglycan in the cell walls
- Ribosomal structure are similar to the eukaryotic ribosome than that of bacteria
- They have a similar size range as bacteria
- DNA transcription is similar to that of eukaryotes
10
Q
What are the differences between archaea and bacteria?
A
- In archaea in membrane lipids consist of branched hydrocarbon chains bonded to glycerol via ester linkages
- Archaea have 70s ribosomes but small subunits while eubacteria have 70s ribosomes
- bacteria have peptidoglycan in their cell walls while eukarya do not
11
Q
What is phylogeny?
A
Refers to the evolutionary relationships between organisms
12
Q
What is a phylogenetic tree?
A
- Diagram used to represent the evolutionary relationships between organisms
- Produced by looking at similarities and differences in species physical characteristics and genetic makeup
- The closer the branches of the tree, the more closely they are related
- it produces a continuous tree so does not force organisms into certain groups
- the hierarchal nature of taxonomy is misleads as it implies different groups in the same rank are equivalent
