What is a group in the Periodic Table?
A vertical column. Elements in the same group have the same number of outer electrons → similar chemical properties. 🔼
What is a period in the Periodic Table?
A horizontal row. Elements show gradual changes in properties across a period ➡️.
How are elements arranged in the modern Periodic Table?
By increasing atomic number (number of protons). 🔢
What are the main classifications of elements?
Metals, non-metals, and metalloids. ⚙️🌿⚖️
What are the typical properties of metals?
Good conductors of heat and electricity 🔌; Malleable & ductile 🔧; High melting/boiling points 🔥; Shiny appearance ✨; Form positive ions (cations) ➕
What are the typical properties of non-metals?
Poor conductors 🚫🔌; Brittle when solid 🪨; Dull appearance 😶🌫️; Form negative ions (anions) ➖
Where are metals and non-metals located on the Periodic Table?
Metals → left and middle; Non-metals → right; Metalloids → along the zig-zag line ⚡
What are the Group I elements known as?
The alkali metals. 🧂 (e.g., Lithium, Sodium, Potassium)
Why are Group I elements so reactive?
They have 1 outer electron which is easily lost to form a positive ion. ⚡
What is the trend in reactivity in Group I?
Reactivity increases as you go down the group ⬇️.
What are some properties of alkali metals?
Soft and can be cut with a knife 🔪; Low melting points 🧊; React vigorously with water to form alkali + hydrogen gas 💥
What are Group VII elements known as?
The halogens. 🌈 (e.g., Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine)
Why are halogens reactive?
They have 7 outer electrons and need 1 more to become stable — so they gain 1 electron to form negative ions (anions). ⚡
What is the trend in reactivity in Group VII?
Reactivity decreases as you go down the group ⬇️.
What are the physical states of halogens at room temperature?
Fluorine: pale yellow gas 🌫️; Chlorine: green gas 💚; Bromine: red-brown liquid 🟤; Iodine: grey solid with purple vapour 💨
What happens when a more reactive halogen reacts with a compound of a less reactive halogen?
Displacement reaction – the more reactive halogen displaces the less reactive one from its compound 🔄.
What are Group VIII elements known as?
Noble gases or inert gases (e.g., Helium, Neon, Argon). 🎈
Why are noble gases unreactive?
Their outer shell is completely full – they have a stable octet (except Helium, which has a full 2-electron shell). 🛡️
What are the uses of noble gases?
Helium in balloons 🎈; Neon in signs 💡; Argon in light bulbs 💡
Where are transition metals located on the Periodic Table?
In the central block (Groups 3–12). 🏛️
What are the key properties of transition metals?
Good conductors 🔌; High melting points 🔥; Malleable & strong 💪; Form coloured compounds 🎨; Act as catalysts ⚗️; Variable oxidation states 🔢
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1. States of matter31
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1.1 States of matter32
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1.2 Kinetic particle theory of matter20
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1.3 Mixtures of substances and Diffusion34
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2. Atomic Structure27
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2.1 Atoms and Elements34
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2.2 Isotopes19
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Atoms, Elements and Compunds59
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2.3 Electronic configuration of elements HODDER28
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3. Chemical Bonding46
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3.1 Non-metallic substances and covalent bonding31
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3.2 Ions and ionic bonding20
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3.3 Giant Structures19
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4. Chemical Formulae and Equations HODDER25
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4.1 Chemical names and formulae17
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4.2 Chemical Equations for reactions22
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4.3 Relative masses of atoms and molecules21
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5. Chemical Calculations HODDER20
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5.1 The mole and Avogadro's constant13
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5.2 More Stoichometry18
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6. Electrochemistry HODDER27
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6.1 Electrochemistry11
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7. Chemical Energetics HODDER32
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7.1 Chemical Energetics25
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8. Chemical Reactions HODDER38
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8.1 Rates of Reaction23
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8.2 Reversible Reactions and Equilibrium32
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8.3 Redox Reactions31
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9. Acids, Bases and Salts HODDER43
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9.1 The Characterisitic Properties of Acids and Bases16
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9.2 Preparation of Salts23
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10. Periodic Table HODDER37
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10.1 Periodic Table More13
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10.2 Periodic Table Elements21
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11. Metals HODDER73
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11.1 Metals61
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11. Metals More16
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12. Chemistry in Environment HODDER44
