COT - Exam 2 > 10.4 Lab + Lecture Notes > Flashcards

10.4 Lab + Lecture Notes Flashcards

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1
Q

Primary Lymphatic Organs

A
  • Responsible for generation of immune system
  • bone marrow
  • thymus
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2
Q

Secondary Lymphatic Organs

A
  • Sites where cells work
  • different levels of organization ranging from simple (i.e. MALT) to medium (tonsils - modifications in tissues to allow lymphatic cells to work) to very organized (spleen, lymph nodes)
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3
Q

NK Cells

A

= natural killer cells (= lymphocytes - but not T-/B-cells have a different progenitor)

  • detect down regulation of MHCI in somatic cells
  • respond quickly (good for tumor detection) –> destroy or mark for destruction
  • FXN: kill things that lack MHCI or express in lower than normal amount - in an antibody-independent manner
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4
Q

B-lymphocyte

A

main FXN = recognize foreign antigens and produce antibodies –> just tag invaders
- when recognize an invade, will be “activated” - rapidly undergo mitosis (in lymphoid follicles) - create army of B-cells to opsonize invader

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5
Q

Opsonization

A

= coat the invader (in antibodies)

= a simple signal to tell other cells to kill it

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6
Q

Antibodies what are the five major ones we discussed

A
  • contain variable and constant regions
  • IgG
  • IgM
  • IgA
  • IgD
  • IgE
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7
Q

IgG

A

= majro antibody of blood + lymph

  • complement activation
  • crosses placenta
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8
Q

IgM

A

= first antibody formed

  • complement activation
  • B-cell receptor
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9
Q

IgA

A

= major antibody of secretions

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10
Q

IgD

A

= membrane antibody only

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11
Q

IgE

A

= major antibody of allergic responses

- Fc portion binds to mast cells /basophils

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12
Q

T-cells what are the four types we discussed

A
  • CD8 - Killer (cytotoxic) T-cells
  • CD4 - Helper T-cells
  • CD 4 regulatory (suppressor) t-cells
  • Delta-gamma T-cells
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13
Q

Describe Killer (cytotoxic T-cells), include what CD protein and MHC complex are used by them

A
  • CD8
  • scan MHCI on somatic cells
  • MHCI has two activities
    1) constant = tell other cells it blend to body and avoid NK cell response
    2) variable = cuts up currently transcribing protein and displays on MHC I variable region –> allows B-cells to recognize and mark the invader
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14
Q

Describe Helper T-cells, include what CD protein and MHC complex are used by them

A
  • CD4

- scan MHC2 on APCs

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15
Q

Describe Suppressor T-cells

A
  • regulatory T-cells
  • FXN in regulating Adaptive Immune response
  • CD4
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16
Q

Describe delta-gamma T cells

A
  • see in tonsils
  • contain variant TCR - not restricted to MHC
  • TCRs are enriched in intraepithelial lymphocytes
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17
Q

Describe the 3 types of APCs and what cell do they activate

A
  • 3 types that activate CD4+ “helper” T-cells
    1) Dendritic Cells - including Langerhans Cells in skin
    2) Macrophages - including tissue-specific macrophages –> are phagocytic and can activate CD4 system
    3) B-cells - for its specific antigen
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18
Q

What are the six points of the immune response system roughly from least to most specific

A

1) Complement System
2) NK cells
3) Macrophages
4) B-cells and antibodies
5) Tc-cells, MHCI
6) Th-cells + APCs, MHC II

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19
Q

Describe the Thymus

A
  • derived from endoderm
  • ball of epithelial cells - retains that character but no lumen - has CT around it
  • Cells = thymocytes + ERCs
  • is one of two primary immune organs
  • blood-thymus barrier - traps naive thymocytes in thymic cortex –> ERCs = barrier against reentering circulation or moving into medulla
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20
Q

What are the parenchymal cells of the thymus

A

= thymocytes = T-cells - all leave the marrow as CD4- and CD8-

  • acquire immunocompetence by learning to recognize non-self molecules presented on MHCI and MHCII
  • purple staining
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21
Q

What are the stromal cells of the thymus

A
  • Epithelial reticular cells (ERCs)
  • FXN to form a barrier in organ to prevent certain thymocytes that are self-reactive from entering efferent vasculature
  • control, guide, lightly test the development of lymphocytes
  • pink staining
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22
Q

Describe Thymic aging

A
  • involution (just like in bone marrow)
  • thyms is most active in child hood
  • in its senescence its t-cell parenchyma is largely replaced by adipose tissue
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23
Q

Describe Thymic embryology

A
  • derived from endoderm at level of 3rd pharyngeal arch

- induced to from by ectomesenchyme (neural crest cells)

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24
Q

Describe the circulation of the thymus

A
  • Capillaries all ascend through the cortex then loop around to come back out
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25
Describe the micro-environment and compartments of the thymic cortex + medulla
- ERCs guard the entrance to cortex/medullar - ERCs create a perivarscular space (PVS) between them and medullary vessels - to get into the cortex and out through the medulla need to pass from Endothelial cell --> CT compartment --> ERC (cortex) --> ERC(medulla/cortex barrier)--> ERC (medulla/endothelial cell) --> CT compartment --> Endothelial cells
26
Describe the positive and negative selection of thymocytes
- All thymocytes enter thymus as CD3-, CD4-, CD8- - Positive selection occurs at the thymic cortex - thymocytes are all taught to express all three of the CDs - Negative selection occurs at the corticomedullary border - have to prove dedication to either CD4 or CD8 (be + for 1 of the 2) to enter the medulla - only immunocompetent cells are allowed access to PVS
27
Describe Hassall's Corpuscles
- made of ERCs in particular conformation - only exist in medulla of thymus - identification of thymus by them
28
Describe the Secondary Lymphatic Organs
1) Muscosa-Associated Lymphatic Tissue(MALT); includes GALT, BALT (lymphoid follicles); payers patches (M-cells) appendix 2) Tonsils - system of 3 in a ring around the GI system - reticulated epithelium - 1)palatine 2) lingual 3) pharyngeal 3) lymph nodes 4) Spleen (white pulp, splenic macrophages, splenic follicles)
29
Tonsils
- tonsils of Waldeyer's Ring = Pharyengeal tonsil, Palantine tonsil, lingual tonsil - SSNK epithelium - discontinuous BM + deletion of a few desmosomes --> provides spaces for lymphocytes to invade and have access to lumenal contents (delta gamma lymphocytes) - reticulated epithelium of palatine tonsil = cells of epithelium made into reticular networks -much like thymic ERCs --> see lymphocytes there because of the organized lymphatic tissue sitting underneath the tonsils
30
Lymphatic System
- lymph consists of = extracellualr interstitial fluid from CT; immune cells (mostly, lymphocytes); antigens; lipids; macromolecules - Lymphatic vessels - originate in periphery + carry lymph from CT all over the body - through a system of lymph nodes back to venous CVS near heart - Lymphatic vessels sprout embryologically from walls of veins
31
Lymph Node
- afferent lymphatic into node pierces through the CT capsule - FXN is to allow contact between peripheral lymphocytes that have sen invaders can interact with naive lymphocytes of blood and recruit them - most of lymphocytes occurring there are from circulation - to exit node --> must cross back into lymphatic sinus and leave from medullar sinus through efferent lymphatics
32
``` Describe what is labeled by the following CD markers: CD10 CD20 CD3 CD45 CD5 BCL6 KI67 ```
CD10 - Cells in the germinal Center of lymphoid follicles undergoing clonal expansion - Plasma cells CD20 - B-cells and plasma cells (not T-cells) BCL6 - Plasma cells KI67 - Labels proliferation (Plasma cells + some basal epithelium stem cells) CD3 - T-lymphocytes (cells outside of lymphoid follicles) CD5 - T-cells CD45 - all lymphocytes are labeled
33
Describe the reservoir FXN of lymphatic and other organs WRT monocytes and neutrophils
- Monocytes - stored in spleen in white pulp - recruited from there following a MI - Neutrophil - proliferation occurs in marrow - storage occurs in lung because has a huge area of capillary walls and can afford to store a lot of them - neutrophils adhere to alveolar capillaries
34
Describe the Thymus
= a primary lymphatic organ - where t-lymphocytes mature - sits in mediastinum (adventitia) - involutes with age (like in bone marrow)
35
What are tonsils
- site of lymphocyte exposure to foreign substances
36
what are lymph nodes
- region where "experienced peripheral lymphocytes are exposed to "naive" systemic ones
37
what is the spleen
- functions as lymphatic tissue for blood | - has most complicated structure (compared with thymus, tonsils, lymph nodes)
38
Lymphocytes - birth place and site of maturation?
- born in the marrow - eneter circulation at marrow sinuses (b-lymphocytes enter as "mature" cells ready to react with antigens - there initial cell development + specification is in the bone marrow) - compared with t cells ( born in bone marrow + briefly enter circulation --> sequestered to thymus to complete maturation)
39
Describe the thymus
- surrounded by capsule of CT - divided into lobes - each lobe has two parts 1) outer portion = thymic cortex 2) inner portion = thymic medulla
40
Thymocyte
= immature lymphocyte that is acquiring t-cell receptors + ability to bind non-self MHC molecules - once in immuno-compartment can only leave by passing into medulla and out through medullary circulation
41
Epithelioreticular cells
= stromal cells of thymus - in both cortex + medulla - their cytoplasm is eosinophilic
42
hassall's corpuscles
= thymic corpuscles - in thymic medulla (not cortex) = sheets of squamous ERCs piled up like skin of onion
43
6 types of ERCs that can be classed using antibody staining, location, and sublet details of morphology
I) LIning capsular/pervascular spaces of organ II + III + IV) within the cortex V, VI) within the medulla (type VI- contributes to hassal's corpuscles)
44
Lymphoid follicles
- b-cells (antibody mediated immunity) - congregate in the middle of the follicles - lymphoid follicles contain germinal centers = evidence of clonal expansion - the t-cells (MHC-mediated immunity) sit outside the follicles
45
Tonsils
- have reticulated epithelium = ring of lymphatic material + associated overlying epithelia - surround opening of the pharynx -sit midline and are grossly symmetrical structures - most common = pharyngeal tonsils (=adenoids) + palatine tonsils - FXN: allow lymphocytes access to potential ingested foreign substances - have tonsilar crypts (folds of epithelium)
46
Reticulated epithelium
= epithelium that lacks many desmosomal attachments | - allows CT cells to invade epithelial cell layers and into lumen of the tonsilar crypts
47
Tonsilar crypts
= folds of tonsilar epithelium | - FXN = provide sampling of ingested food in close proximity + for extended period of time
48
what histologic feature distinguishes the Palantine tonsil
= oral epithelium overlying it
49
what histological feature distinguishes the Paryngeal tonsil
= respiratory epithelium lining it
50
Intraepithelial lymphocyte
= lymphocyte seen histologically within an epithelial layer | - seen also in the ileum, gall bladder, epididymus, tonsils, among other places
51
Describe lymph nodes
- stromal tissue = a minor fraction of volume of the organ = places where lymphocytes from circulation can interact with those from periphery - are within CT spaces surrounded + separated by dense CT capsule - lymph enters via afferent lymphatic vessels + leaves through efferent lymphatic vessels - systemic circulation has the greatest volume circulation through the nodes - all lymphocytes must return to circulation through efferent lymphatics
52
Describe both the anatomical and physiologist view of the divisions of the lymph nodes
``` 1) Anatomical A) Cortex - no blood vessels - lymphoid follicles B) paracortex C) Medulla 2) Physiologist view A) mesenchymal space - cortex - paracortex (clusters of T-cells) - medullary cords (clusters of B-cells) B) lymphatic circulation -lymphatics -medullary sinuses (open spaces) C) systemic circulation ```
53
where are Afferent lymphatics found
= lymphatics outside capsule or those traversing it | - branch into sub capsular sinuses
54
where are Subcapsular sinuses found
= beneath the capsule - branch from the afferent lymphatics - branch into peritrabecular sinuses
55
Where ar the peritrabecular sinuses found
= in the CT walls extending down from the capsule
56
What is the marginal zone
= interface of red + white pulp | = the place where blood "leaves" systemic circulation
57
What is red pulp
- region that has a volume divided evenly between A) the mesenchymal space (=splenic cords) and B) vascular space (=splenic sinuses)
58
Describe a trabecular artery
= artery running within the trabeculae | - surrounded by dense CT
59
Describe the central artery
- surrounded by white pulp --> known are the peri-arterial lymphatic sheath (PALS)
60
Describe the trabecular vein
- vein found within the trabeculae | - surrounded by dense CT
61
List the open circulation route of the spleen
1) Splenic artery - large artery supplying the spleen 2) Trabecular artery - runs within the dense CT of the trabeculae 3) Central artery - surrounded by white pulp (PALS) 4) Radial artery - branch from central artery - traverse the region of the PALs 5) Penicillar arteries - smallest vessels of the arterial vascularization of the spleen - exist within the marginal zone 6) sheathed capillaries - surrounded by macrophages - occur in the marginal zone - blood leaves the endothelial lined spaces from these vessels 7) Splenic sinus - blod returns to endothelial lined space through these - take up large percentage of red pulp's volume 8) trabecular vein - found within the dense CT tabeculae 9) splenic vein - large anatomical vein draining the spleen
COT - Exam 2
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