What are some causes of hyponatremia?
Anything that is taking fluid out of the body (vomiting, Diarrhea, NG tube, wound drainage, excessive diaphoresis, low salt intake.
What are the s/s of hyponatremia?
- Low B/P
- CONFUSION
- Muscle Cramps
- Tachycardia
What are some causes of hypernatremia?
- Excessive sodium intake (like if they drown in salt water or if they get excessive sodium IV fluids)
- Water deprivation
What is the biggest s/s of hypernatremia?
THIRST
What are some causes of hypokalemia?
- Hypokalemia
- Severe diaphoresis
- POTASSIUM WASTING DIURETICS (THIAZIDES AND LOOP DIURETICS)
What are the s/s of hypokalemia?
• Arrhythmias
What is the treatment for hypokalemia?
Potassium
What are some causes of hyperkalemia?
• RENAL INSUFFICIENCY
What are the s/s of hyperkalemia?
- Too much potassium
* Cardiac arrhythmias
What foods should you avoid if you have hyperkalemia?
Potassium rich foods, bannanas, TOMATOS BROCCOLI, DARK GREEN LEAFY VEGETABLES
What is the treatment for hyperkalemia?
Treatment for hyperkalemia is dialysis. If they don’t need it, use insulin, D50 and Albuterol. This will be on the test. This is not a question on the study guide but will be on the test. D50 should be pushed slow.
What are some causes of hypocalcemia?
- Inadequate calcium intake
- 2 forms: Total calcium, ionized. Ionized is more reliable because it only includes “usable calcium” in the blood. Know the ionized calcium levels. If you are hypocalcemic your blood is thicker.
What are the s/s of hypocalcemia?
- Cardiac dysrhythmias
- Muscle spasms
- Two tests: Truseau’s sign and Chivaustic’s sign
- Neuromuscular excitability
What are some causes of hypercalcemia?
- Excessive calcium intake
* Excessive Vitamin D
What are the s/s of hypercalcemia?
- Kidney failure
- Kidney stones
- Bone overgrowth
- Decreased GI motility (constipation)
Why use ionized calcium levels to monitor calcium?
It will give you more accurate total useable calcium. Know ionized calcium levels.
What are some causes of hypomagnesemia?
• Decreased intake and absorption
What are the s/s of hypomagnesemia?
• Cardiac dysrhythmias • Muscle spasms • Two tests: Truseau’s sign and Chivaustic’s sign • Neuromuscular excitability (these are the same as hypocalcemia)
What are some causes of hypermagnesemia?
Increased magnesium intake such as Milk of Magnesia You will want to know what meds they are taking.
What is a big sign of hypermagnesemia?
Lethargy
What are some causes of hypo or hyperchloremia?
• Chloride imblances due to ng suctioning, or anything that gets rid of your stomach contents.
What are some causes of hypophosphatemia?
- # 1 cause: Alcoholism
- Malnourishment
- Starvation
- Vitamin D deficiency
- Chronic Diarrhea
What are the s/s of hypophosphatemia?
- Muscle weakness
* pain
What are some causes of hyperphosphatemia?
- RENAL FAILURE IS THE #1
- Chemotherapy
- Phosphorus based enemas
