- What are Ti plasmids?
The tumor inducing plasmid of agrobacterium tumefaciens which in nature injects plasmids into the hosts cell. The Ti plasmid can be used as a vector to introduce foreign DNA into plant cells
- How are Ti plasmids used to create transgenic plants?
The isolated gene of interest from a host and a Ti plasmid are cut up with the same restriction enzyme, and the GOI and Ti plasmid are spliced together. The plasmid is introduced into A. tumefaciens. This transformed A. tumefaciens is mixed with immatur
How are transgenic animals made?
rDNA is packed into viruses that can infect a gamete or fertilized egg. As the transgenic animal deveops, it carries the foreign DNA in every cell. (salmon, farm animals that produce human proteins, glow zebras)
- What is the purpose of DNA sequencing?
DNA Sequencing reveals the order of nucleotide bases in a fragment of DNA.
- How are dideoxynucleotides used in DNA sequencing different from regular nucleotides? (Was discussed in class)
A dideoxynucleotide is a deoxynucleotide that lacks a 3’ hydroxyl group, and is thus unable to form a 3’-5’ phosphodiester bond necessary for chain elongation and terminate the DNA strand. It may also be flourescently labeled.
- Describe DNA profiling techniques - mitochondrial DNA
If nuclear DNA is too degraded for STR profiling, mitochondrial DNA can be used. This is limited because mitochondiral DNA only comes from the mother and cannot distinguish between siblings. It is useful for verifying the relationship between mother and
- Compare and contrast stem cells and differentiated cells.
A stem cell is an undifferentiated cell that divides to give rise to more stem cells or cells that specialize. Differentiation is the process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type. A differentiated cell has become more sp
- Compare the two categories of animal stem cells.
Embryonic stem cells, found in the embryo, are totipotent and give rise to any type of cell in the body (including adult stem cells). Adult stem cells, found in various parts of the body, are more differentiated and are pluripotent, with the ability to b
- Outline the steps involved in Somatic cell nuclear transfer.
Somatic cells from the animal to be cloned are grown in culture, and then the nucleus of one of those cells is removed. That nucleus is then fused with a denucleated egg cell from an egg donor. The fused cell is allowed to divide into an embryo and is t
- Explain how cloning is different from sexual reproduction.
In cloning, the nucleus (containing a diploid number of chromosomes) of a somatic cell is transferred into an egg that has had its own nucleus removed. The egg now has a dipoid number of chromosomes and is ready to develop. In sexual reproduction, two h
What is DNA technology?
The manipulation of genes for a practical purpose. Useful in studies of evolutionary biology, criminal justice, medicine, and many other fields.
What is gene therapy?
Gene therapy is a treatment that supplements a fualty gene in a cell with a functioning version of the gene. Another variation of gene therapy is using DNA to silence a gene whose activity is causing illness.
What four ingredients are needed for PCR?
DNA to be replicated, taq polymerase, four types of DNA nucleotides, lab made primers that are complementary
What four features do STRs have?
2-5 nucleotides, repetitions alongside each other, repeated up to 50 times, found in non-coding regions
