Where does B cell development begin and where do mature B cells function?
Bone marrow → peripheral lymphoid organs
What signal supports early B cell progenitor survival?
Flt3
What cytokine is essential for proliferation and maturation of developing B cells?
IL-7
What rearrangement begins in the Pro-B cell stage?
Heavy chain rearrangement (D–J then V–DJ)
Which enzymes are first expressed during Pro-B development?
RAG1 and RAG2
Which MHC class begins expression at the Pro-B stage?
MHC Class II
What indicates successful heavy chain rearrangement at the Pre-B stage?
Expression of the pre-BCR (heavy chain + surrogate light chain)
What rearrangement begins in Pre-B cells?
Light chain rearrangement
What defines the immature B cell stage?
Successful light chain rearrangement and surface IgM expression as the BCR
What happens to self-reactive immature B cells?
They undergo deletion or receptor editing
What surface immunoglobulins define a mature naïve B cell?
Co-expression of IgM and IgD
Where do mature naïve B cells migrate after development?
Secondary lymphoid tissues
What is the purpose of heavy and light chain rearrangement?
To generate vast BCR diversity
What enzymes mediate VDJ recombination?
RAG enzymes
What is the order of heavy chain recombination?
D–J first, then V joins DJ to form VDJ
Why is light chain recombination only V–J?
The light chain locus has no D segment
How much combinatorial diversity can BCRs achieve?
Up to 3 × 10¹¹ possible BCRs
How do B cells recognize antigen?
They bind native antigen directly
Do T cell–independent antigens require T helper cells?
No
What structural features characterise T cell–independent antigens?
Repetitive structures such as polysaccharides or LPS
What type of antibody response do T-helper cells mainly induce?
IgM with limited memory
What are the two signals required for T cell–dependent B cell activation?
Signal 1: Antigen binding BCR
Signal 2: CD40 (B cell) binding CD40L (Th cell)
What processes does T cell help enable in B cells?
Clonal expansion, isotype switching, somatic hypermutation, germinal centre entry
What are the two main differentiation outcomes of activated B cells?
Plasma cells and memory B cells
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1 - Introduction To Genomes And Genomics42
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1 - The Complexity Of Genomes39
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1 - Genome Annotation And Features43
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2 - Genomic Databases And Resources33
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2 - Genomic Data Analysis30
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2 - Applications and Future of Genomics29
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3 - Prokaryotic Gene Expression I57
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3 - Prokaryotic Gene Expression II58
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3 - Eukaryotic Gene Expression I50
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4 - Eukaryotic Gene Expression II49
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4 - Translation And Protein Coding I58
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4 - Translation And Protein Coding I55
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5 - DNA Replication In Prokaryotes49
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5 - Genome Replication, Maintenance & Rearrangement (GRaMaR)65
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5 - Fidelity of DNA Replication20
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8 - Maintenance Of Genoma Stability59
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8 - DNA Damage Response, Checkpoints and Cancer50
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8 - Genome Stability and DNA Repair30
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9 - Genome Rearrangement And Homologous Recombination32
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9 - Genome Rearrangement And Homologous Recombination (Continued)48
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9 - Cloning and Biotechnology I33
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10 - Cloning and Biotechnology43
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10 - Transgenics, Knockout Mice and Gene Therapy44
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10 - Gene Editing28
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11 - Immunology I22
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11 - Immunology II35
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11 - Adaptive Immunity I66
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12 - Adaptive Immunity II56
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12 - Immunology Overview37
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12 - Applications To Immunology76
