12. Human Information Processing (1 - 4)

Question 1

Information Processing

Information processing involves a number of discrete steps that can broadly be listed as;

1. ____ : hold
2. ____ : process or not
3. ____ : move memory
4. ____ : use the info
5. ____ : what to do next
6. ____ : putting into action
7. ____ : use the memory again

Answer 1

1. HOLD INFO IN SENSORY STORE : hold
2. DECIDE IF WORTH PROCESSING OR NOT : process or not
3. TRANSFER TO TEMPORARY MEMORY STORE : move memory
4. WORK ON INFORMATION : use the info
5. DECIDE COURSE OF ACTION : what to do next
6. IMPLEMENT ACTION : putting into action
7. STORE IN LONG TERM MEMORY : use the memory again

356

Question 2

Attention and Vigilance

Focusing all resources on one set of events to the exclusion of almost all others is known as what

Answer 2

ATTENTION

357

Question 3

Attention and Vigilance

A usually conscious and intentional activity when focusing on a task often at the expense of other activities

Answer 3

ATTENTION

357

Question 4

Attention and Vigilance

Attention as an activity is said to be what 2 things

Answer 4

CONSCIOUS AND INTENTIONAL

357

Question 5

Attention and Vigilance

What is meant by the cocktail party effect

Answer 5

SUBCONSCIOUSLY ON LOOKOUT FOR SIGNIFICANT STIMULI

An example is in a crowded room when you are talking to someone and someone else mentions your name, you may quickly tune into the other conversation

357

Question 6

Attention and Vigilance

Subconsciously being on the lookout for significant stimuli is a description of what effect

Answer 6

COCKTAIL PARTY EFFECT

357

Question 7

Attention and Vigilance

Attention involves what 3 steps
1. ____ : from stimulus
2. ____ : to stimulus
3. ____ : new stimulus

Answer 7

1. DISENGAGE ATTENTION from a stimulus
2. SHIFT ATTENTION to new stimulus
3. ENGAGE ATTENTION on the new stimulus

357

Question 8

Attention and Vigilance

Attention may be what 2 types

Answer 8

1. SELECTIVE (focused)
2. DIVIDED

358

Question 9

Attention and Vigilance

What is meant by selective attention

Answer 9

PROCESSING INFORMATION FROM ONE INPUT TO EXCLUSION (almost) OF ALL OTHERS

358

Question 10

Attention and Vigilance

What is meant by divided attention

Answer 10

PARALLEL INFORMATION PROCESSING
or;
RAPID ATTENTION SWITCHING

358

Question 11

Attention and Vigilance

What is a good example of using divided attention in the cockpit

Answer 11

FLYING ON INSTRUMENTS

no one instrument gets all the attention

358

Question 12

Attention and Vigilance

What sort of stimulus will get your immediate attention

Answer 12

SALIENT / INTENSE
(or highly interesting)

359

Question 13

Attention and Vigilance

What sort of stimulus does the brain favor under heavy workloads

Answer 13

VISUAL

359

Question 14

Attention and Vigilance

Humans appear to be hard wired to pay close attention to what sort of stimuli

Answer 14

NEGATIVE or THREATENING

359

Question 15

Attention and Vigilance

When a stimulus is very intense, a human may devote all their capacity to attending to it. This is known as what

Answer 15

TUNNELLING OF ATTENTION

359

Question 16

Attention and Vigilance

What is a threat of tunnelling of attention

Answer 16

BREAKDOWN IN TASKS
(i.e. communication)

359

Question 17

Attention and Vigilance

A state of sustained attention over time is a description of what

Answer 17

VIGILANCE

362

Question 18

Attention and Vigilance

The definition of vigilance

Answer 18

SUSTAINED ATTENTION OVER TIME

362

Question 19

Attention and Vigilance

Vigilance is often associated with activity that is said to be a what sort of activity

Answer 19

WATCH KEEPING ACTIVITY

362

Question 20

Attention and Vigilance

What are the 2 forms of vigilance

Answer 20

1. HYPER VIGILANCE
2. HYPO VIGILANCE

363/364

Question 21

Attention and Vigilance

Vigilance is close related to what sort of arousal

Answer 21

PHYSIOLOGICAL

363

Question 22

Attention and Vigilance

A high level of arrousal giving rise to a very high state of vigilance is what sort of vigilance

Answer 22

HYPERVIGILANCE

363

Question 23

Attention and Vigilance

A low state of physiological arousal gives rise to very low levels of vigilance is what sort of vigilance

Answer 23

HYPOVIGILANCE

364

Question 24

Attention and Vigilance

What are some of the common reasons behind hypovigilance

1. ____ : boring
2. ____ : tired
3. ____ : not scary
4. ____ : over and over
5. ____ : not much to do

Answer 24

1. MENTAL FATIGUE
2. SLEEP DEPRIVATION
3. PERCEIVED LOW LEVEL OF THREAT
4. BORING & REPETATIVE TASKS
5. LOW WORKLOAD / NO TASKS

364

Question 25

# Attention and Vigilance What is a perfect example specific to aviation of when hypovigilance may occur

Answer 25

CRUISE PHASE of LONG HAUL FLIGHT in DEAD OF NIGHT at WOCL | Window of Circadian Low ## Footnote 365

Question 26

# Attention and Vigilance What are 8 typical symptoms of reduced vigilance; 1. ____ : dropped the ball 2. ____ : I didnt hear it 3. ____ : snoozy..... 4. ____ : closing eyes 5. ____ : not all there 6. ____ : cannot move 7. ____ : 1 to 5 seconds 8. ____ : hearing things

Answer 26

1. SLOW REACTION TIMES : dropped the ball 2. FAILURE TO NOTICE STIMULI : I didnt hear it 3. FREQUENT YAWNING : snoozy..... 4. SLOWER BLINK RATE : closing eyes 5. CONGNITIVE ABSCENCE : not all there 6. POOR MOTOR CONTROL : cannot move 7. MICRO-SLEEPS : 1 to 5 seconds 8. DELUSIONS : hearing things ## Footnote 366

Question 27

# Attention and Vigilance 3 things a pilot can do in the cockpit to help starve off *hypovigilance*

Answer 27

1. MENTAL CALCULATIONS 2. MAINTAIN RUNNING PLAN 3. READ AFM | Aircraft Flight Manual ## Footnote 366

Question 28

# Memory Without memory, it would be impossible to do what

Answer 28

DEVELOP STANDARD RESPONSES ## Footnote standard responses developed based on memory of certain stimuli 367

Question 29

# Memory Memory involves 3 distinct information stores; 1. ____ : Separate, vision and hearing 2. ____ : limited capacity, few seconds 3. ____ : large capacity, sometimes indefinite

Answer 29

1. SENSORY STORE : Separate, vision and hearing 2. WORKING MEMORY : limited capacity, few seconds 3. LONG TERM MEMORY : large capacity, sometimes indefinite ## Footnote 367

Question 30

# Memory Memory involves 3 distinct information stores; 1. SENSORY STORE : ____ 2. WORKING MEMORY : ____ 3. LONG TERM MEMORY : ____

Answer 30

1. SENSORY STORE : Separate store for each of the senses, such as vision and hearing. Holds for brief periods 2. WORKING MEMORY : Has very limited capacity and holds informaion for only a few seconds 3. LONG TERM MEMORY : Has very large capacity and holds information for long periods, sometimes indefintely. ## Footnote 367

Question 31

# Memory Stimulus will first reach the (i) ___ . A small fraction of information is attended to and trasfered into (ii) ___ . If rehearsed, information from (ii) will transfer into (iii)____.

Answer 31

1. SENSORY STORE 2. SHORT-TERM MEMORY 3. LONG TERM MEMORY ## Footnote 368

Question 32

# Memory Complete the following diagram; [MEMORY](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1v6XqjNFGc8oHtc1kdgWWO3vsoE9XIlXG/view?usp=drive_link) [ANSWER OPTIONS](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1a4vyQ4wYsL9kaRaPbTq52dZJGv7mua9O/view?usp=drive_link)

Answer 32

1. Stimulus 2. Sensory Store 3. Visual: 0.2 seconds & Auditory: 2 seconds 4. Working Memory (Short-term) 5. 7 +/- bits of information 6. Storage Mechanism 7. Long Term Memory [COMPLETED](https://drive.google.com/file/d/17eu9GAmYVuZpk0_fUXOmDQqrbOHLZmmr/view?usp=drive_link) ## Footnote 368

Question 33

# Memory Information in what memory is continuously lost as it becomes replaced with new information arriving from the sensory stores

Answer 33

SHORT TERM MEMORY ## Footnote 368

Question 34

# Memory Another name for the *visual* store

Answer 34

ICONIC ## Footnote 369

Question 35

# Memory The *visual (iconic) store* holes information for approximately how long

Answer 35

0.5 seconds ## Footnote 369

Question 36

# Memory The *auditory store* holds information for approximately how long

Answer 36

2 SECONDS, SLIGHTLY MORE ## Footnote 369

Question 37

# Memory What do the *visual and auditory* stores allow you to do in order to transfer them into working memory

Answer 37

PLAY BACK ## Footnote Sensory stores allow you to play back the stimulus and transfer it to working memeory for processing 369

Question 38

# Memory The lowest level (subconscious) attention mechanism is associated with what

Answer 38

AMYGDALA ## Footnote 370

Question 39

# Memory What is the purpose of the *amygdala*

Answer 39

DECIDES WHETHER INFORMATION IN THE SENSORY STORE IS HIGHLY SIGNIFICANT AND REQUIRES IMMEDIATE ATTENTION ## Footnote 370

Question 40

# Memory Complex information which is deemed significant but not threatening is directed to where

Answer 40

CENTRAL EXECUTIVE (decision maker) ## Footnote Thoughts of this nature will be acted on *consciously* and is what we refer to as *thinking* 370

Question 41

# Memory Conscious attention to information is considered to be a what

Answer 41

PROCESSING BOTTLENECK ## Footnote 370

Question 42

# Memory Complete the following process flow; [CENTRAL EXECUTIVE](https://drive.google.com/file/d/18c-EUu8Z1R9rMZKieVLnTF7-c5Trm4Vk/view?usp=drive_link) [ANSWER OPTIONS](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1WVgY7NyyZ92bgSDVRYRBAW8tNHfWMjAW/view?usp=drive_link)

Answer 42

1. SENSORY STORES 2. LOW LEVEL ATTENTION (AMYGDALA) 3. HIGH THREAT 4. MOTOR PROGRAMMES, PHYSIOLOGICAL PREPARATION 5. INSTINCTIVE, SUBCONSCIOUS, REFLEX ACTIONS, STARTLE REFLEX 6. LONG TERM MEMORY 7. CENTRAL EXECUTIVE 8. WORKING MEMORY 9. RECALL PAST EXPERIENCE 10. STORE THIS EXPERIENCE 11. PLANNED ACTIONS [COMPLETED](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1kT-1AgUrzfavuNoegNLI2GZHyaSL_0q5/view?usp=drive_link) ## Footnote 371

Question 43

# Memory If a stimulus is very highly threatening, what will kick into action, and what is the result

Answer 43

1. AMYGDALA 2. PREPARES BODY PHYSIOLOGICALLY FOR RESPONSE ## Footnote 372

Question 44

# Memory What is a known threat as a result of the amygdala kicking into action and making a response quickly without thinking

Answer 44

TEMPORARY INCAPACITATION CAUSED BY SHOCK ## Footnote 372

Question 45

# Memory The average human is able to store ____ bits of information for approximately ____ seconds in *working memory*

Answer 45

1. 5 to 9 ( 7 +/- 2) 2. 10-20 SECONDS | **NOTE** Current learning objective states 5 +/- 2 items ## Footnote 373

Question 46

# Memory A method of extending *working memory* by grouping pieces of information

Answer 46

CHUNKING ## Footnote 373

Question 47

# Memory Working memory is limited to about ____ chinks of information

Answer 47

7 ## Footnote 374

Question 48

# Memory Information in working memory is very *RELIABLE or FRAGILE* and can easily be ____

Answer 48

1. FRAGILE 2. LOST BY INTERUPTIONS ## Footnote 374

Question 49

# Memory Why is working memory important to pilots

Answer 49

Often need to remember bits of information and read them back to ATC before acting on them. For example, frequency change ## Footnote 374

Question 50

# Memory What 3 things can influence how much infomration can be held in working memory when, for example, something is said to you by ATC

Answer 50

1. TIME TAKEN TO SAY THE WORDS 2. MEANING ASSOCIATED TO WORDS 3. AMOUNT OF STRESS YOU ARE SUFFERING ## Footnote 375

Question 51

# Memory *Long term* memory is divided into what 2 functionally different types of memory

Answer 51

1. DECLARATIVE 2. NON-DECLARATIVE ## Footnote 376

Question 52

# Memory *Declarative* memory is broken into what 2 memory types | Sub memory types of a sub memory type of long term memory

Answer 52

1. SEMANTIC MEMORY 2. EPISODIC MEMORY ## Footnote 376

Question 53

# Memory What is the definition of *declarative memory*

Answer 53

EVERYDAY MEMORY FUNCTIONS YOU CAN RECALL AND TALK ABOUT ## Footnote 376

Question 54

# Memory What is the definition of *Non-delcarative memory*

Answer 54

PROCEDURAL MEMORY memorie about things you cannot easily describe verbally ## Footnote Procedural memoyr stores learned motor skills and responses, emotional responses. Learnt typically through rehersal or experience. Not a memory such as going to the lake with the dogs on a nice sunday afternoon 376

Question 55

# Memory What is the definition of *semantic memory*

Answer 55

STORE OF FACTS AND MEANINGS generally independant of personal experience ## Footnote 376

Question 56

# Memory What is the definition of *episodic memory*

Answer 56

STORE OF AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION places you have been to, people you know, life experiences ## Footnote 376

Question 57

# Memory Procedural memories i.e. memories about things you cannot easily talk about is a definition of what sort of memory

Answer 57

NON-DECLARATIVE MEMORY ## Footnote 376

Question 58

# Memory Everyday memory functions you can easily recall and talk about is a definition of what sort of memory

Answer 58

DECLARATIVE MEMORY ## Footnote 376

Question 59

# Memory *Episodic memory* is closely related to what

Answer 59

EXPERIENCE stores how you felt at a time ## Footnote 377

Question 60

# Memory Emotional responses are called up by what memory type

Answer 60

NON-DECLARATIVE sensing a very distinctive smell triggering vivid memories ## Footnote 377

Question 61

# Memory *Semantic memory* is a store of what

Answer 61

ACCUMULATED KNOWLEDGE ## Footnote 378

Question 62

# Memory *Semantic memory* is fundamental to what

Answer 62

PERCEPTION ## Footnote 378

Question 63

# Memory The factual information a pilot will learn about their flying career, knowledge, information and checklists is stored where

Answer 63

SEMANTIC MEMORY ## Footnote 378

Question 64

# Memory *Procedural memory* is primarily concerned with storing skills where

Answer 64

LONG TERM MEMORY ## Footnote 378

Question 65

# Memory What type of memory is typically better than recall

Answer 65

RECOGNITION ## Footnote You might be able to recognise a person from a photo but not recall their name. 379

Question 66

# Memory What can have a significant affect on your ability to recall information

Answer 66

EMOTIONAL STATE ## Footnote 380

Question 67

# Memory What are the 2 main factors that improve your ability to remember

Answer 67

1. REHEARSAL AND REPETITION 2. CONTEXT AND ASSOCIATION ## Footnote 380

Question 68

A recall technique as a result of giving information context

Answer 68

MNEMONIC ## Footnote 380

Question 69

# Memory A condition where an individual is unable to recall or even recognise events

Answer 69

AMNESIA ## Footnote 381

Question 70

# Memory How long can *amnesia* last for

Answer 70

TEMPORARY OR PERMANENT ## Footnote 381