13. Animal Behavior +

Question 1

Instinct

Answer 1

• behavior that is innate, or inherited

- ex. care for offspring by female parents

Question 2

Fixed Action Pattern

Answer 2

• innate behvaior following a regular, unvarying pattern. Initiated by a specific stimuli called sign stimuli and completed even if orginal intent of behavior cannot be fulfilled.
• ex. goose methodically rolling egg back to nest even if it slips away or is removed. Will retrieve any object resembling the egg.

Question 3

Imprinting

Answer 3

• innate program for acquiring specific behavior only if appropriate stimulus is experienced during critical period. once acquired, it is irreversible.
• ex. gosling accepting any moving object as mother during first day of life.

Question 4

Associative Learning

Answer 4

• when an animal recognzies events are connected.

Question 5

Classical Conditioning

Answer 5

• animal perform behavior in response to substitute stimulus rather than normal stimulus
• ex. dogs salivate when presented w/ food. bell ringing with food could stimulate salivation w/ bell alone.

Question 6

Trial-and-error learning (operant conditioning)

Answer 6

another form of associative learning that occurs when
animal connects its own behavior with environmental response, reward. If response is desirable (positive
reinforcement), animal will repeat behavior. If negative/undesirable (painful, e.g. punishment), animal
avoids behavior (positive reinforcement = add something good to increase a behavior; negative
reinforcement = take away something bad to increase a behavior vs positive punishment = add something
bad to decrease behavior; negative punishment = take away something good to decrease behavior)

Question 7

Extinction

Answer 7

reversal of behavior in absence of stimulus

Question 8

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 8

• recovery of conditioned response to conditioned stimulus after delay following extinction

Question 9

Spatial Learning

Answer 9

Another form of associative learning. Animal associates attributes of landmark with
reward of identifying and returning to that location
i. Ex: Wasps able to associate pinecones with location of nest (lost upon removal)

Question 10

Habituation

Answer 10

• learned behavior that allows animal to disregard meaningless stimuli.

Question 11

Observational Learning

Answer 11

• animal copies behavior of another w/o having experienced any feedback themselves.
• washing off potato in water.

Question 12

Insight

Answer 12

• when animal exposed to new situation w/o prior experience performs a behavior that generates a + outcome.
• ex. chimpanzee stacks boxes to reach bananas previously out of reach

Question 13

Circadian rhythms

Answer 13

• daily cycles of behavior

Question 14

Kinesis

Answer 14

• undirected change in speed of an animal’s movement in response to a stimulus. slow down in favorable environment and speed up in unfavorable environemnt
• ex. animals scurrying when a rock is lifted up.

Question 15

Taxis

Answer 15

• directed movement in response to stimulus.
• movement is either toward or away.
• phototaxis is movement toward light.

Question 16

Migration

Answer 16

• long-distance, seasonal movement of animals. usually in response to availability of food/degradation of environmental conditions.

Question 17

Phermones

Answer 17

• chemicals used for communication
• Chemicals that trigger reversible behavioral changes are called releaser pheromones; those that cause long term physiological (and behavioral) changes are called primer
  pheromones.

Question 18

Agonistic Behavior

Answer 18

• aggression and submission
• originates from competition from food, mates, or territory
• agonistic behavior is ritualized, so injuries and time in contests are minimized

Question 19

Altruistic behavior

Answer 19

• seemingly unselfish behavior that appears to reduce fitness of individual- when an animal risks
  its safety in defense of another/in order to help another individual rear its young
• increases inclusive fitness (individual and relatives)
• kin selection: natural selection that increases inclusive fitness
• haplodiploid reproductive system of bees