what is the structure of phospholipids? (3)
- polar head (hydrophilic) composed of a glycerol and a phosphate molecule
- consists of 2 non-polar tails (hydrophobic) composed of fatty acid (hydrocarbon) chains
- because they contain both hydrophilic and lipophilic (water-loving) regions they are AMPHIPATHIC
what is the arrangement of phospholipids in the membrane? (2)
- phospholipids spontaneously arrange into a bilayer
- hydrophobic tail regions face inwards and are shielded from the surrounding polar fluids, while two hydrophilic head regions associate w. the cytosolic and extracellular fluids
what are the properties of the phospholipid bilayer? (4)
- bilayer is held together by weak hydrophobic interactions between the tails
- hydrophilic/hydrophobic layers restrict the passage of many substances
- individual phospholipids can move within the bilayer, allowing for membrane fluidity and flexibility
- the fluidity allows for the spontaneous breaking and reforming of membranes (endocytosis/exocytosis)
what are phospholipids embedded with? (2)
- embedded w/ proteins
which can be permanent or temporary
what two kinds of proteins are phospholipids embedded with?
- integral proteins - permanently attached to the membrane and are normally transmembrane (span across the bilayer)
- peripheral proteins - temporarily attached by non-covalent interactions and associate w/ one surface of the membrane
how are amino acids of a membrane protein localised according to polarity? (2)
- non-polar (hydrophobic) - amino acids associate directly w/ the lipid bilayer
- polar (hydrophilic) - amino aids are located internally and face aqueous solutions
what 2 tertiary structures do transmembrane proteins typically adopt?
- single helices/ helical bundles
- beta barrels (common in channel proteins)
what 6 functions can membrane proteins serve?
- Junctions - serve to connect and join 2 cells together
- Enzyme - fixing to membranes localises metabolic pathways
- Transport - responsible for facilitated diffusion and active transport
- Recognition - may function as markers for cellular identification
- Anchorage - attachment points for cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix
- Transduction - function as receptors for peptide hormones
what is cholesterol’s function?
maintain integrity and mechanical stability
where is cholesterol not found?
- absent in plant cells
as these plasma membranes are surrounded and supported by a rigid cell wall made of cellulose
what properties does cholesterol have? (3)
- amphipathic (both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions)
- cholesterol’s hydroxyl (-OH) group is hydrophilic and aligns towards the phosphate heads of phospholipids
- remainder of molecule (steroid ring and hydrocarbon tail) is hydrophobic and associated w/ phospholipid tails
what kind of properties do phospholipids have?
phospholipid bilayers are fluid (the phospholipids are in constant movement relative to one another)
what does cholesterol interact within the bilayer?
interacts with fatty acid tails of phospholipids to moderate the properties of the membrane
what is cholesterol’s function in the membrane? (4)
- immobilise the outer surface of the membrane, reducing fluidity
- less permeable to very small water-soluble molecules that would otherwise freely cross
- separate phospholipid tails and so prevent crystallisation of the membrane
- secure peripheral proteins by forming high density lipid rafts capable of anchoring the protein
why are cell membranes represented according to the fluid-mosaic model? (2)
fluid - the phospholipid bilayer is viscous and individual phospholipids can move position
mosaic - phospholipid bilayer is embedded w/ proteins
what are 3 components of the plasma membrane?
- phospholipids - form bilayer w/ phosphate heads facing outwards and fatty acid tails facing inwards
- cholesterol - found in animal cell membranes and functions to improve stability and reduce fluidity
- proteins - may be integral (transmembrane) or peripheral and serve a variety or roles
who proposed the first model that described the position of proteins within the bilayer?
Davson and Danielli
what characteristic does the membrane exhibit under a transmission electron microscope?
‘trilaminar’ appearance
means 3 layer
what model did Davson and Danielli?
‘lipo-protein sandwich’
2 layers of proteins with a central phospholipid bilayer
- dark segments seen under electron microscope were identified as representing the 2 protein layers
what is wrong with the lipo-protein sandwich model? (4)
- it assumed all membranes were of uniform thickness w/ a constant lipid-protein ratio
- assumed all membranes would have symmetrical internal and external surfaces
- didn’t account for the permeability of certain substances
- temperatures at which membranes solidified did not correlate w/ those expected under proposed model
what is the evidence against the lipo-protein sandwich?
membrane proteins were discovered to be insoluble in water and varied in size (unable to form uniform and continuous layer on outer surface)
how did they show that the lipo-protein sandwich was wrong? (4)
fluoresent antibody tagging of membrane protein showed they were mobile and not fixed into place
- membrane proteins from 2 different cells were tagged w/ red and green fluorescent markers
- when 2 cells fuse the markers became mixed throughout the membrane of the fused cell
- demonstrated that the membrane proteins could move and did not form static layer
what technique was used to expose the lipo-protein sandwich? (3)
freeze fracturing was used to split open the membrane and revealed irregular rough surfaces within the membrane
- rough surfaces were interpreted as being transmembrane proteins
- demonstrating that proteins were not solely localised to the outside of the membrane structure
who proposed the new model?
singer and nicolson
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1.1 Cell Introduction45
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1.2 Cell Structure21
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1.3 Membrane Structure25
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1.4 Membrane Transport52
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1.5 Origin of Cells13
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1.6 Cell Division35
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2.1 Moleculesles To Metabolism49
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2.2 Water16
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2.3 Carbohydrates44
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2.4 Proteins29
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2.5 Enzymes21
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2.6 DNA/RNA Structure12
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2.7 DNA-> Proteins29
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2.8 Cell Respiration22
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2.9 Photosynthesis25
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3.1 Genes16
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3.2 Chromosomes35
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3.3 Meiosis34
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3.4 Inheritance46
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3.5 Genetic Modification41
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4.1 Species And Ecosystems27
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4.2 Energy Flow15
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4.3 Carbon Cycling32
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4.4 Climate Change18
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5.1 Evolution Evidence35
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5.2 Natural Selection32
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5.3 Classification42
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5.4 Cladistics21
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6.1 Digestive System31
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6.2 The Blood System28
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6.3 Disease Defences17
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6.4 Gas Exchange21
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6.5 Neurons and Synapsis12
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6.6 Homeostasis24
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D1 Human Nutrition38
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D220
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D3 Functions of liver18
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D4 The Heart12
