14

Question 1

Circadian Rhythm

Answer 1

24-hour biological cycle controlling sleep/wake (Memory trick: “Circle-day = Circadian”)

Question 2

Endogenous Clock

Answer 2

Internal clock that runs without external cues (Memory trick: “Inside clock keeps ticking but needs sun kicking”)

Question 3

Zeitgeber

Answer 3

External cue (like light) that resets biological clock (Memory trick: “Zeits right the clock”)

Question 4

Phase Shift

Answer 4

Change in timing of rhythm from cue (Memory trick: “Shift your phase, change your days”)

Question 5

Entrainment

Answer 5

Synchronization of rhythm to external cues (Memory trick: “Train your clock to the light”)

Question 6

SCN (Suprachiasmatic Nucleus)

Answer 6

Master clock in hypothalamus (Memory trick: “SCN = Sun Clock Node”)

Question 7

Melanopsin

Answer 7

Light-sensitive pigment in retina that sends info to SCN (Memory trick: “Melanopsin = Melanin’s light messenger”)

Question 8

Intergeniculate Leaflet (IGL)

Answer 8

Relay between retina and SCN (Memory trick: “IGL = I Give Light”)

Question 9

Pineal gland

Answer 9

Produces melatonin during night (Memory trick: “Pineal = Pitch-black Producer”)

Question 10

Melatonin

Answer 10

Hormone that promotes sleep and regulates seasonal rhythms (Memory trick: “Melo = Mellow Mood”)

Question 11

EEG

Answer 11

Measures brain waves (Memory trick: “E = Electric brain Eyes”)

Question 12

EMG

Answer 12

Measures muscle activity (Memory trick: “M = Muscle”)

Question 13

EOG

Answer 13

Measures eye movement (Memory trick: “O = Ocular = Eyes”)

Question 14

Alpha waves

Answer 14

8–12 Hz; relaxed, awake (Memory trick: “Alpha = Almost asleep”)

Question 15

Beta waves

Answer 15

13–30 Hz; alert, awake (Memory trick: “Beta = Busy brain”)

Question 16

Theta waves

Answer 16

3.5–7.5 Hz; light sleep (Memory trick: “Theta = Tired transition”)

Question 17

Delta waves

Answer 17

<4 Hz; deep sleep (Memory trick: “Delta = Deep Dreamless”)

Question 18

REM sleep

Answer 18

Dream stage; rapid eyes, muscle paralysis (Memory trick: “REM = Runaway Eyes Moving”)

Question 19

NREM sleep

Answer 19

All other sleep stages; slow and still (Memory trick: “NREM = Napping Regularly Every Moment”)

Question 20

Slow-wave sleep

Answer 20

Deepest NREM stage (Memory trick: “Slow-wave = Sleepy wave”)

Question 21

NREM vs REM

Answer 21

NREM = calm, deep; REM = vivid dreams, paralysis (Memory trick: “NREM = Napping, REM = Reeling Dreams”)

Question 22

Insomnia

Answer 22

Trouble falling or staying asleep (Memory trick: “IN the bed, but no sleep”)

Question 23

Drug dependency insomnia

Answer 23

Caused by overuse of sleep meds (Memory trick: “Pills kill the Z’s”)

Question 24

Sleep apnea

Answer 24

Breathing stops during sleep (Memory trick: “Apnea = Air Pause”)

Question 25

Narcolepsy

Answer 25

Sudden sleep attacks + cataplexy (Memory trick: "Narco = Nod out now")

Question 26

Cataplexy

Answer 26

Sudden loss of muscle tone (Memory trick: "Cat collapse")

Question 27

Sleep paralysis

Answer 27

Can’t move while falling asleep/waking (Memory trick: "Body frozen, mind chosen")

Question 28

Hypnagogic hallucination

Answer 28

Dreamlike images before sleep (Memory trick: "Hypno = Half dream")

Question 29

REM Behavior Disorder

Answer 29

Acting out dreams due to no paralysis (Memory trick: "REM rage on stage")

Question 30

Fatal Familial Insomnia

Answer 30

Inherited disorder causing fatal sleeplessness (Memory trick: "Sleep loss leads to loss of life")

Question 31

Hypocretin (Orexin)

Answer 31

Neurotransmitter maintaining wakefulness; loss causes narcolepsy (Memory trick: "No orexin = no waking")

Question 32

Acetylcholine

Answer 32

Keeps brain awake and alert (Memory trick: "Ace activates")

Question 33

Norepinephrine (Locus Coeruleus)

Answer 33

Increases alertness and vigilance (Memory trick: "Nor-alert!")

Question 34

Serotonin (Raphe Nucleus)

Answer 34

Initiates movement and wakefulness (Memory trick: "Serotonin sets the scene")

Question 35

Histamine (Tuberomammillary Nucleus)

Answer 35

Promotes arousal (Memory trick: "Histamine = Hit the morning")

Question 36

VLPA (Ventrolateral Preoptic Area)

Answer 36

Induces sleep by inhibiting arousal neurons (Memory trick: "VLPA = Very Lazy Peaceful Area")

Question 37

PGO waves

Answer 37

Pons–geniculate–occipital bursts at REM onset (Memory trick: "PGO = Pons Goes Off")

Question 38

Peribrachial Area

Answer 38

Initiates REM sleep via acetylcholine (Memory trick: "Peri starts the party")

Question 39

MPRF (Medial Pontine Reticular Formation)

Answer 39

Triggers REM activation (Memory trick: "MPRF = Makes People Really Floaty (dreamy)")

Question 40

Magnocellular nucleus

Answer 40

Causes REM paralysis (Memory trick: "Magno = Muscles Gone No-go")