1.4 Summary Flashcards by Sarah Schirmbrand

Q

Nucleus

A

surrounded by nuclear envelope (double membrane) perforated by nuclear pores
nuclear envelope continuous with ER
> houses chromosomes - made of chromatin (DNA and proteins)
> contains nucleoli - ribosomal units made
> pores regulate entry + exit of materials

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Q

Ribosome

A

two subunits made of ribosomal DNA + ribosomes
can be free in cytoso; or bound to ER

-> protein synthesis

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Q

Endoplasmatic reticulum (ER)

-> nuclear envelope

A

extensive network of mebrane-bounded tubules and sacs
membrane separates lumen from cytosol
continous with nuclear envelope
> smooth ER
> synthesis of lipids
> metabolism of carbohydrtes
> Ca2+ storage
> detoxification of drugs and poisons
> Rough ER
> aids in synthesis of secretory + other proteins from bound ribosomes
> aids carbohydrates to proteins to make glycoproteins
> produces new membrane

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Q

Golgi apparatus

A

stacks of flattened mebranous sacs
has polarity (cis and trans faces)
> Modification of proteins
> carbohydrates on proteins + phospholipids
> synthesis of many polysaccharides
> sorting of golgi products - released in vesicles

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Q

Lysosomes

A

membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes (in animal cells)

- > breakdown of ingested substances, cell macromolecules + damaged organelles for recycling

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Q

Vacuole

A

large membrane-bounded vesicle

- > digestion, storage, waste disposal, water balance, cell growth + protection

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Q

Mitochondrion

A

bounded by double membrane
inner membrane has infoldings (cristae)

-> cellular respiration

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Q

Chloroplast

A

typically 2 membranes around fluid stroma - contains thylakoids stacked into grana (in cells of photosynthetic eukaryotes, including plants)
> photosynthesis

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Q

Peroxisome

A

specialized metabolic compartment bounded by single mebrane
> contains enzymes - transfer hydrogen atoms from substrates to oxygen - production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as by-product
> H2O2 converted to water by another enzyme

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