drug resistance
overuse and misue of antimicrobial, inappropriate use of antimicrobials, subtherapeutic dosing, and patient noncompliance with the recommended course of treatment
drug resistance genes in plasmids or transposons
can undergo vertical transfer easily and between microbes through horizontal gene transfer
common modes of antimicrobial drug resistance
drug modification, drug inactivation, prevention of cellular uptake or efflux, target modification, target overproduction or enzymatic bypass, and target mimicry.