15. Perception

Question 1

Perception

The name of the theory that deals with our perception and organisation

Answer 1

GESTALT

1

Question 2

Perception

When the brain receives signals from the visual cortex it is building a ____ of the exterior world around us

Answer 2

MENTAL MODEL

2
282

Question 3

Perception

The process of mental modeling and perception can vary person to person based on what 2 factors

[ ] The Individual
[ ] Age
[ ] Education
[ ] Past Experience
[ ] Time of day

Answer 3

[X] The Individual
[ ] Age
[ ] Education
[X] Past Experience
[ ] Time of day

2
282

Question 4

Perception

When we look upon an object we are able to associate a number of characteristics such as how it feels to touch, how heavy it is etc.. this happens in the brain CONSCIOUSLY or SUBCONSCIOUSLY

Answer 4

SUBCONSCIOUSLY

2
282

Question 5

Perception

1. An illusion caused by the misinterpretation of sensory inputs is called what
2. Faulty mental models are the prime cause of what type of illusion

Answer 5

1. COGNITIVE ILLUSION
2. COGNITIVE ILLUSION

2
282

Question 6

Perception

____% of the information we process enters via the visual channel

Answer 6

70%

2

Question 7

Perception

What are the 2 types of perceptual processing

Answer 7

1. TOP DOWN
2. BOTTOM UP

3
288

Question 8

Perception

1. Top down processing is based on SENSORY INFORMATION or PAST EXPERIENCE
2. Bottom up processing is based on SENSORY INFORMATION or PAST EXPERIENCE

Answer 8

1. PAST EXPERIENCE
2. SENSORY INFORMATION

• Top down processing is influenced by our expectations, knowledge, and even the contect in which information is presented
• For example, its a very cold day and we see a radiator. We will perceive it as being on and therefore hot, so approach it cautiously
• The same radiator seen on a very hot day will be perceived as being off and therefore likely to be cold
• Bottom up processes is the way in which the brain uses retinal image formed to intepret lines, patterns, planes etc.. of structures i.e. looking at the object and realising its a radiator
• This combines with the top down processes to complete the model

3

Question 9

Perception

The perceptual process is very dynamic. When confronted with a new or ambigious scene the brain quickly constructs a model and applies it. If the model appears faulty, what will the brain do

Answer 9

RE-ADJUST THE MODEL UNTIL IT FITS WITH WHAT IT PERCEIVES TO BE REALITY

• Example, the cube with an X in top corner can either be perceived as X marking front top left or back top left
• The brain will keep changing the perception as it cannot determine which one is correct

4

Question 10

Perception

The process of constructing mental models is very ____

Answer 10

DYNAMIC

5

Question 11

Perception

The brains ability to perceive an object as the same object throughout a wide variety of viewing conditions i.e. coping with apparent changes in size, detail and colour, is known as what

Answer 11

VISUAL CONSTANCY

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289

Question 12

Perception

“we perceive what we expect to perceive and not neccessarily what is actually there”

This is the definition of what

Answer 12

EXPECTANCY / PERCEPTUAL SET

• This can cause problems when we first encounter something new or unfamiliar
• Mental models can be influenced by expectancy i.e. what we expect to see or hear

6
297

Question 13

Perception

“The physical size of a persons image on your retina will change considerably with distance but the brain automatically scales up and scales down the image”

This is the definition of what sort of constancy

Answer 13

SIZE CONSTANCY

7

Question 14

Perception

“To your eye a familiar person will not change colour as they walk out into thesunlight from an artificially lit room. Similarly, white paper will always look whiter and brighter than a lump of coal, even when the coal is brightly lit and actually reflecting more light than the white paper”

This is a definition of what constancy

Answer 14

COLOUR AND BRIGHTNESS

7

Question 15

Perception

“The shape of a familiar face will change constantly depending on the angle from which it is viewed. To your eye the face is the same face from whatever angle it is viewed”

This is the definition of what constancy

Answer 15

SHAPE CONSTANCY

7

Question 16

Perception

What are 3 forms of visual constancy

[ ] SHAPE
[ ] DISTANCE OF OBJECT
[ ] COLOUR and BRIGHTNESS
[ ] MATERIAL OF OBJECT
[ ] SIZE

Answer 16

[X] SHAPE
[ ] DISTANCE OF OBJECT
[X] COLOUR and BRIGHTNESS
[ ] MATERIAL OF OBJECT
[X] SIZE

• Shape, colour, brightness and size help to establish the distance and material

7

Question 17

Perception

When visual constancies are applied, the brain constructs a mental model of what the scene ____ rather than ____

Answer 17

1. SHOULD LOOK LIKE
2. WHAT IT DOES LOOK LIKE

7

Question 18

Perception

Which of the visual constancies is particularly important in aviation, especially in the final stages of a visual approach

Answer 18

SIZE CONSTANCY

• In initiating the landing flare, a pilot will be using retinal size as one of the cues for judging height above the runway
• They wil lalready have an idea of what the runway looks like at flare height
• This idea comes from a store of knowledge (mental model)

8

Question 19

Perception

What 2 weather condition can dramatically affect depth perception

Answer 19

FOG or MIST

9

Question 20

Perception

The primary driver of depth perception in regards to an object are what 2 things

[ ] Size
[ ] Clarity
[ ] Colour
[ ] Material

Answer 20

[X] Size
[X] Clarity
[ ] Colour
[ ] Material

9

Question 21

Perception

1. Objects that are hazy and indistinct in colour are perceived as CLOSE UP or DISTANT
2. Objects that are clear and well defined in colour are perceived as CLOSE UP or DISTANT

Answer 21

1. DISTANT
2. CLOSE UP

• Mist and fog obscure colour, so objects will appear further away than they actually are

9

Question 22

Perception

A common illusion in visual cruise flight where mountains at a distance appear above the aircraft when they are not

Answer 22

ELAVATION OF RELATIVE ALTITUDE

9

Question 23

Perception

When landing an aircraft, when texture cues are abscent, what can be difficult to judge

Answer 23

HEIGHT

10

Question 24

Perception

What is a known risk when converting from an aircraft from a lower flight deck to a higher one (smaller to larger aircraft)

Answer 24

TAXY TO FAST

11

Question 25

# Perception The brain will instinctively use what to make judgements about speed

Answer 25

RELATIVE MOVEMENT ## Footnote 11

Question 26

# Perception 1. An *up sloping* runway gives the illusion of being *HIGH or LOW* on approach 2. A *down sloping* runway gives the illusion of being *HIGH or LOW* on approach

Answer 26

1. HIGH 2. LOW ## Footnote * **REMEMBER** * To go HIGH we must go UP * To go LOW we must go DOWN 12/13 337

Question 27

# Perception 1. When approaching a *down sloping* runway, you will tend to be *HIGH or LOW* on approach 2. When approaching an *up sloping* runway, you will tend to be *HIGH or LOW* on approach

Answer 27

1. HIGH 2. LOW ## Footnote * **REMEMBER** * An *up sloping* gives the impression you are high on approach, so you will tend to correct by going lower * A *down sloping* gives the impression you are low on approach, so you will tend to correct by going higher 12/13 337

Question 28

# Perception *"the predisposition to perceive particular features of a stimulus"* This is the definition of what

Answer 28

EXPECTANCY ## Footnote 13

Question 28

# Perception Once a mental model of a world has been constructed, it is not easy to persaud the mind to change it. We tend to give undue weight to information that confirms the model. This is known as what

Answer 28

CONFIRMATION BIAS ## Footnote * people's tendency to process information by looking for, or interpreting, information that is consistent with their existing beliefs 15