15 Performance Based Navigation (PBN)

Question 1

What are the key differences between conventional navigation and performance based navigation?

Answer 1

• Conventional nav is sensor based, where as PBN is performance based
• Conventional nav is read from the raw data, where as PBN is read from computed data
• Conventional nav has little to no performance monitoring / alerting where as PBN does

Question 2

With regards to an Airspace Concept, what are Strategic Objectives?

Answer 2

• Key objectives to be met within the airspace
• E.g.
• Capacity (spacing)
• Environment
• Noise Reduction
• AC type
• Safety

Question 3

What are the key components of an Airspace Concept?

Answer 3

• Air Traffic Management (ATM)
• Communications (COMS)
• ATS Surveillance
• Navigation (PBN)

Question 4

What are the key components of a PBN system?

Answer 4

• Navigation Infrastructure: VOR / GNSS / DME / +new tech
• Navigation Specifications: standards nav systems must adhere to
• Navigation Application: how the specifications and infrastructure will be applied to the airspace

Question 5

What are the key points regarding Navigation Specifications for PBN?

Answer 5

• Accuracy
• Integrity
• Continuity
• Functionality
• Availability

Question 6

With regards to the Accuracy component of Navigation Specification, what is the Total System Error and what are its components?

Answer 6

• Difference between the desired path and the true path
• Path Definition Error (PDE): errors between the path defined in the RNAV database and the desired path
• Flight Technical Error (FTE): errors caused by the pilot or AP’s ability to follow the desired path
• Navigation System Error (NSE): errors between the AC estimated position and it’s actual position

Question 7

With regards to the Integrity component of Navigation Specification, what are the parameters which define Integrity?

Answer 7

• Integrity Risk
• Time Alert
• Protection Level / Accuracy Level
• Alert Limit / Containment Limit

Question 8

With regards to PBN, what form of performance is required for the following operations:

• Oceanic / Remote
• En-Route
• Terminal
• Approach

Answer 8

• Oceanic / Remote, En-Route and Terminal Operations: Linear lateral performance requirements and time constraints
• Approach Operations: Linear and Angular lateral performance requirements

Question 9

Describe the following PBN function, IF:

• Name
• It’s function

Answer 9

• Initial Fix
• Point in space
• RNAV procedures start at an IF

Question 10

Describe the following PBN function, TF:

• Name
• It’s function

Answer 10

• Track to a Fix

- Preferred type of straight legs between two waypoints

Question 11

Describe the following PBN function, CF:

• Name
• It’s function

Answer 11

• Course to a Fix

- A particular heading terminating in a waypoint

Question 12

Describe the following PBN function, DF:

• Name
• It’s function

Answer 12

• Direct to a Fix

- From an unspecified location direct to a known waypoint

Question 13

Describe the following PBN function, FA:

• Name
• It’s function

Answer 13

• Track from a Fix to an Altitude

- Starts at a Fix and ends when at or above a specific altitude

Question 14

Describe the following PBN function, CA:

• Name
• It’s function

Answer 14

• Course to an Altitude
• Course which terminates at or above a specific altitude
• Departures and missed approaches

Question 15

Describe the following PBN function, RA:

• Name
• It’s function

Answer 15

• Radius to Fix
• Curved path with defined radius, arc length and Fix
• Terminal and approach procedures

Question 16

Describe the following PBN function, FRT:

• Name
• It’s function

Answer 16

• Fixed Radius Transition
• RNP system creates a turn between two route segments
• Specific radii
• 22.5nm - High altitude routes (>FL195)
• 15nm - Low altitude routes
• En-route procedures

Question 17

What RNP and RNAV specifications are used to fly Oceanic/Remote Navigation Applications?

Answer 17

• RNP 4
• RNP 2
• RNAV 10

Question 18

What RNP and RNAV specifications are used to fly En-Route, Terminal and Approach Navigation Applications?

Answer 18

• RNP 2
• RNP 1
• Advanced RNP
• RNP APCH
• RNP AR APCH
• RNP 0.3
• RNAV 5
• RNAV 2
• RNAV 1

Question 19

What is the key difference between RNP and RNAV systems?

Answer 19

RNP has onboard performance monitoring and alerting, where as RNAV does not

Question 20

How does the navigational computer of a simple 2D-RNAV system compute navigational problems by?

Answer 20

Simple Sin and Cos mathematics, solving triangular problems

Question 21

Regarding PBN Navigation Specifications, what is the definition of ‘Continuity’?

Answer 21

The system is able to function with the specified level of accuracy and integrity during the intended operation

Question 22

Regarding PBN Navigation Specifications, what is the definition of ‘Integrity’?

Answer 22

The level of trust that can be placed in the navigation system

Question 23

With regards to PBN, oceanic/remote, en-route and terminal phases of flight is limited to operations with what sort of requirements?

Answer 23

• Linear performance
• Lateral performance
• Time constraints

Question 24

With regards to PBN, approach phases of flight accommodate what sort of operations?

Answer 24

• Linear lateral guided operations

- Angular lateral guided operations

Question 25

What are the basic functional requirements of of RNAV and RNP specifications?

Answer 25

- Lateral deviation - Distance/bearing to active waypoint - Groundspeed or time to active waypoint - Navigation data storage - Failure indication

Question 26

Regarding PBN, when operating in RNAV 10 airspace (for example) what is the required navigation accuracy?

Answer 26

- +- 10nm lateral accuracy | - For 95% of the flight time by population of AC operating in the airspace

Question 27

With regards to PBN, what are the components of a Holding Pattern?

Answer 27

- Holding waypoint - Inbound course - Turn direction - Leg time / distance

Question 28

If the loss of PBN capability occurs, what should be used?

Answer 28

Abnormal and contingency procedures are too be used

Question 29

RNAV 10 requires aircraft operating in oceanic and remote areas be equipped with?

Answer 29

- At least 2 independent and serviceable long range navigation systems - Comprising of an INS, IRS/FMS or GNSS

Question 30

Advanced RNP incorporates the navigation specifications of what?

Answer 30

- RNAV 5 - RNAV 2 - RNAV 1 - RNP 5 - RNP 2 - RNP 1 - RNP APCH

Question 31

With regards to PBN, what type of approach is an LNAV minima and what sort of operation is it?

Answer 31

- Non-precision approach | - 2D operation

Question 32

With regards to PBN, what type of approach is an LP minima and what sort of operation is it?

Answer 32

- Non-precision approach | - 2D Operation

Question 33

With regards to PBN, what type of approach is an LNAV/VNAV minima and what sort of operation is it?

Answer 33

- APV (approach with vertical guidance) | - 3D operation

Question 34

With regards to PBN, an LNAV/VNAV minima using a barometric sensor: - Is it affected by temperature - When can it be flown - What is the effect of the altimeter setting - Is remote altimeter settings allowed

Answer 34

- It is affected by temperature - Can be flown when the aerodrome temp is within the promulgated range, unless the AC has an approved temp correction system - Altimeter setting is critical to safe conduct - Remote altimeter settings are NOT allowed

Question 35

With regards to PBN, what type of approach is an LPV minima and what sort of operation is it?

Answer 35

- Approach with Vertical guidance (APV) | - 3D operation

Question 36

When can an RNP APCH be flown?

Answer 36

- When it is retrievable by procedure name from the on board navigation database - Conforms to the charted procedure

Question 37

What are the two types of procedures which should be used in case of loss of PBN capability and what situations should they be used in?

Answer 37

Abnormal procedures: used to address cautions and warnings for: - Failure of navigation system components - RAIM alert - Warning flags for VNAV or LNAV - Low altitude alert Contingency procedures: used when there is a complete loss of PBN