18 AMNESIA

Question 1

brain region important for STM

Answer 1

FRONTAL LOBES

Question 2

brain regions for processing STM to LTM

Answer 2

• TEMPORAL LOBES (HIPPOCAMPUS + AMYGDALA)
• DIENCEPHALON (THALAMUS/HYPOTHALAMUS/MAMILLARY BODIES)

Question 3

loss of memory for events caused by injury/certain degenerative diseases

Answer 3

AMNESIA

Question 4

loss of memory for events PRIOR to injury

Answer 4

RETROGRADE AMNESIA

Question 5

inability to form NEW mems

Answer 5

ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA

Question 6

period of time AFTER brain injury in which NEW mems CANNOT be formed (+ patient = disoriented in time/space)

Answer 6

POST-TRAUMATIC AMNESIA (PTA)

Question 7

severe ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA caused by chronic ALC USE/MALNUTRITION

Answer 7

KORSAKOFF’S AMNESIA

Question 8

• patient who suffered from EPILEPSY caused by head injury at age 9
• epilepsy could NOT be controlled thru drug interventions
• underwent BILATERAL TEMPORAL LOBOTOMIES that were SUCCESSFUL in treating EPILEPSY
• surgery produced SEVERE ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA but memory for past was intact (could remember childhood)
• EPISODIC MEM = LOST but SEMANTIC MEM = INTACT

Answer 8

PATIENT HM

Question 9

LOBES that consist of RHINAL FISSURE, PERIRHINAL CORTEX, ENTORHINAL CORTEX, AMYGDALA + HIPPOCAMPUS

Answer 9

MEDIAL TEMPORAL LOBES (MTL)

Question 10

removal of ___ produces memory impairment similar to KORSAKOFF’S SYNDROME + the critical site of damage = HIPPOCAMPUS

Answer 10

MTL

Question 11

HIPPOCAMPUS = NOT THESE 3 THINGS

Answer 11

1. LOCATION OF LTM
2. NECESSARY FOR RETRIEVAL OF LTM
3. LOCATION OF STM

Question 12

HIPPOCAMPUS IS THIS

Answer 12

RESPONSIBLE FOR CONVERTING STM INTO LTM

Question 13

STM of an event retained by ___ ___

Answer 13

NEURAL ACTIVITY

Question 14

LTM consists of relatively permanent ___

Answer 14

BIOCHEM/STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN NEURONS

Question 15

• patient w small lesion in left DORSOMEDIAL NUCLEUS OF THALAMUS
• similar pattern of deficits to HM
• had RETROGRADE AMNESIA for 2 yrs preceding accident
• had almost complete ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA
• EPISODIC MEM = LOST but SEMANTIC MEM = INTACT

Answer 15

PATIENT NA

Question 16

• IMMEDIATE MEMORY: can recite back several words immediately (within 5 mins, no recollection of words)
• MEM FOR REMOTE EVENTS: can remember childhood
• FACTUAL KNOWLEDGE: can remember that water boils at 100 C
• PERCEPTUAL/MOTOR MEM: remember how to ride a bike
• LANG/SOCIAL SKILLS
• PROCEDURAL LEARNING: mirror drawing
• personality/intellectual functioning

Answer 16

FUNCTIONS LEFT INTACT FOR PATIENTS HM/CLIVE/NA W SEVERE AMNESIA

Question 17

2 BRAIN REGIONS CRITICAL IN ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA

Answer 17

1. PARAHIPPOCAMPAL CORTEX
2. AMYGDALA

Question 18

region of LIMBIC CORTEX adjacent to HIPPOCAMPAL FORMATION that relays info w PERIRHINAL CORTEX btwn the ENTORHINAL CORTEX + other regions of the brain

Answer 18

PARAHIPPOCAMPAL CORTEX

Question 19

brain region only important for EMOITIONAL content of memories (FLASHBULB MEMS)

Answer 19

AMYGDALA

Question 20

patient w BILATERAL AMYGDALA DAMAGE who could NOT establish conditioned EMOTIONAL responses

Answer 20

DOUBLE DISSOCIATION PATIENT SM

Question 21

patient w BILATERAL HIPPOCAMPAL DAMAGE who could NOT remember testing procedure + whose EPSIODIC MEM = impaired

Answer 21

DOUBLE DISSOCIATION PATIENT WC

Question 22

patient w BILATERAL DAMAGE TO AMYGDALA + HIPPOCAMPUS who could NOT establish emotional responses OR remember testing procedure

Answer 22

DOUBLE DISSOCIATION PATIENT RH

Question 23

permanent ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA caused by brain damage

Answer 23

KORSAKOFF’S AMNESIA

Question 24

brain regions damaged in KORSAKOFF’S SYNDROME

Answer 24

parts of DIENCEPHALON (MAMMILO-THALAMIC TRACT)

Question 25

- temporally graded RETROGRADE AMNESIA (lose DECLARATIVE mems but not pROCEDURAL ones) - CONFABULATION (making up mems that never happened)

Answer 25

SYMPTOMS OF KORSAKOFF'S AMNESIA

Question 26

THIAMINE DEFICIENCY caused by chronic alcoholism use/malnutrition

Answer 26

CAUSE OF KORSAKOFF'S AMNESIA

Question 27

idea that there is a GREATER loss of memory for events from RECENT PAST (close to onset of amnesia) than for events from REMOTE PAST (childhood)

Answer 27

TEMPORAL GRADIENT

Question 28

plausible yet IMAGINARY memory that fills in gaps in wat = remembered

Answer 28

CONFABULATION